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TGZ induces EP4 suppression via Sp-1 phosphorylation. TGZ activates MEK-1/Erk pathway and induces phosphorylation of Erks, which causes the threonine phosphorylation of Sp-1. Sp-1 phosphorylation decreases the DNA binding of Sp-1 binding sites located in the region between −197 and −160 of the human EP4 promoter, leading to the suppression of EP4 expression
