Table 1.
S-Nitrosylated Proteins in Cardiovascular System
| S-Nitrosylated proteins | Regulatory effects of S-nitrosylation | Cell/tissue type (species) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| I. Inhibition by S-nitrosylation | |||
| Akt/PKB | Suppresses the biologic effects of Akt/PKB | C2C12 myoblasts (mouse) | 136 |
| Caspase-3 | Keeps the zymogen in an inactive state, which protects cells from unwanted apoptosis (antiapoptosis) |
Neonatal cardiomyocytes (rat) | 78 |
| Umbilical vein endothelial cells (human) | 49, 110 | ||
| Creatine kinase | Suppresses myocardial contractility | Ventricular myocytes (rat) | 2 |
| eNOS | eNOS is tonically S-nitrosylated in resting basal level, which is denitrosylated on activation |
Aortic endothelial cells (bovine) | 29, 30, 107 |
| GAPDH | Decreases GAPDH binding affinity of cell membrane and inhibiting the enzyme activity |
Aortic endothelial cells (human, bovine) | 133 |
| Red blood cells (human) | 36 | ||
| HSP90 | Inhibits ATP hydrolyzing ability, disables the chaperone property, and abolishes the positive regulation of eNOS |
Endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cell line) | 84 |
| L-type Ca2+ channel α1 subunit | Inhibits ICa-L in females under β-adrenergic stimulation | Ventricular myocytes (mouse) | 118 |
| Mitochondrial complex | Inhibits complex I | Isolated heart mitochondria (rat) | 16 |
| Persistently inhibits complex IV | Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (human) | 138 | |
| NF-κB | Inhibits gene transcription and antiinflammation | Alveolar type II epithelial cells (mouse) | 108 |
| N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor | Inhibits disassembly of SNARE and antiinflammation | Aortic endothelial cell (human) | 86 |
| Tissue-type plasminogen activator | Inhibits platelet aggregation | Aortic endothelial cell (bovine) | 115 |
| Attenuates necrosis after ischemia–reperfusion injury | Perfused heart in vivo (cat) | 24 | |
| Tissue transglutaminase | Inhibits enzyme activity and antiapoptosis | Aortic endothelial cell (bovine) | 66 |
| II. Activation by S-nitrosylation | |||
| COX-2 | Elicits preconditioning effect | Perfused hearts in vitro (rat) | 4 |
| HIF-1 | Provokes HIF-1β stabilization in normoxia | Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (bovine) | 101 |
| RyR2/SR Ca2+ release channel | Increases channel activity by poly-S-nitrosylation | Cardiac SR vesicles (dog) | 132 |
| Thioredoxin | Increases reductase activity and antiapoptosis | Vascular endothelial cells (human) | 41 |