Surface display of DraD and DraE examined by IFM of E. coli strains with a disrupted gspD gene (GspD− strains). Bacteria were incubated with primary antiserum (anti-DraD [A, C, E, G, I, and K] or anti-Dr [B, D, F, H, J, and L]), washed, incubated with secondary antiserum (conjugated with TRITC [A, C, E, G, I, and K] or FITC [B, D, F, H, J, and L]), washed, and subjected to microscopy. (A and B) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD; (C and D) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-pCC90; (E and F) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-pCC90D54stop; (G and H) IFM of E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-pCC90DraDmut; (I and J) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-pCC90DraCmut; (K and L) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-pInvDsygstop. Magnification, ×10,000 (Olympus BX-60 microscope).