Surface display of DraD and DraE examined by IFM of clinical E. coli isolates. Bacteria were incubated with primary antiserum (anti-DraD [A, C, and E] or anti-Dr [B, D, and F]), washed, incubated with secondary antiserum (conjugated with TRITC [A, C, and E] or FITC [B, D, and F]), washed, and subjected to microscopy. (A and B) E. coli IH11128; (C and D) E. coli DR14; (E and F) E. coli DR14 with a gspD gene knockout (GspD− strain). Magnification, ×10,000 (Olympus BX-60 microscope).