Surface display of DraD examined by IFM of E. coli gspD mutants (GspD− strains) complemented with plasmid-encoded GspD. Bacteria were incubated with primary antiserum (anti-DraD), washed, incubated with secondary antiserum (conjugated with TRITC), washed, and subjected to microscopy. (A) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-pET30-gspD; (B) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-(pET30-gspD, pCC90); (C) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-(pET30-gspD, pCC90D54stop); (D) E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-(pET30-gspD, pCC90DraDmut); (E) IFM of E. coli BL21(λDE3)/gspD-(pET30-gspD, pCC90DraCmut); (F) E. coli DR14/gspD-pET30-gspD. Magnification, ×10,000 (Olympus BX-60 microscope).