Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of enrolled patients
| Total | MI | Elevated cTn only | No cTn elevation | p value3 | p value4 | |
| (N = 103) | (N = 37) | (N = 15) | (N = 51) | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 64.1 ± 17.5 | 69.9 ± 14.9 | 64.3 ± 21.8 | 59.7 ± 16.9 | 0.018 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.467 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.309 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.004 |
| Female sex, N (%) | 44 (42.7) | 16 (43.2) | 4 (26.7) | 24 (47.1) | 0.372 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.352 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.236 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.829 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 21.4 ± 10.3 | 28.2 ± 9.5 | 22 ± 8.3 | 16.2 ± 8.3 | <0.0001 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.045 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.014 - MI vs no cTn elevation p < 0.0001 |
| Medical, N (%) | 65 (63) | 32 (86.5) | 10 (66.7) | 23 (45.1) | <0.0001 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.129 - cTn vs no cTn Elevation p = 0.240 - MI vs no cTn elevation p < 0.0001 |
| Past medical history, N (%) | ||||||
| Smoking | 28 (27.2) | 10 (27.0) | 4 (26.7) | 14 (27.5) | 0.998 | - MI vs cTn, p = 1.000 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 1.000 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 54 (52.4) | 24 (64.9) | 9 (60.0) | 21 (41.2) | 0.073 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.760 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.245 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.033 |
| Diabetes mellitus1 | 25 (24.3) | 13 (35.1) | 4 (26.7) | 8 (15.7) | 0.107 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.747 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.446 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.044 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 17 (16.5) | 6 (16.2) | 5 (33.3) | 6 (11.8) | 0.141 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.260 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.107 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.549 |
| Documented coronary disease/angina | 3 (2.9) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (2.0) | 0.632 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.498 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.406 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 1.000 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 5 (4.9) | 4 (10.8) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 0.062 | - MI vs cTn, p = 1.000 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.227 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.028 |
| Congestive heart failure | 16 (15.5) | 10 (27) | 2 (13.3) | 4 (7.8) | 0.048 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.470 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.612 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.020 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 13 (12.6) | 7 (18.9) | 3 (20.0) | 3 (5.9) | 0.124 | - MI vs cTn, p = 1.000 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.125 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.088 |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 10 (9.7) | 5 (13.5) | 3 (20.0) | 2 (3.9) | 0.112 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.676 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.073 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.126 |
| Baseline life support interventions, N (%) | ||||||
| Ventilation | ||||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 59 (57.3) | 27 (73.0) | 7 (46.7) | 25 (49.0) | 0.054 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.108 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.100 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.029 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 4 (3.9) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (3.9) | 0.799 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.498 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.545 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 1.000 |
| Inotropes and vasopressors, N (%) | ||||||
| Epinephrine | 3 (2.9) | 3 (8.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.064 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.548 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = NE - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.071 |
| Dopamine2 | 6 (5.8) | 5 (13.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 0.043 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.305 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 1.000 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.079 |
| Norepinephrine | 14 (13.6) | 9 (24.3) | 2 (13.3) | 3 (5.9) | 0.045 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.477 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.318 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.024 |
| Dobutamine | 2 (1.9) | 2 (5.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.162 | - MI vs cTn, p = 1.000 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = NE - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.174 |
| Phenylephrine | 3 (2.9) | 3 (8.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.064 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.548 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = NE - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.071 |
| Vasopressin | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.406 | - MI vs cTn, p = 1.000 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = NE - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.420 |
| Hemodialysis, N (%) | ||||||
| Intermittent dialysis | 9 (8.7) | 6 (16.2) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (3.9) | 0.125 | - MI vs cTn, p = 0.658 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.545 - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.065 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.406 | - MI vs cTn, p = 1.000 - cTn vs no cTn elevation, p = NE - MI vs no cTn elevation, p = 0.420 |
APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; cTn = cardiac troponin; MI = myocardial infarction; NE = not estimable; 1Managed with oral agents and/or insulin; 2>3 μg/kg/min; 3p value indicates a 3-way comparison; 4p value indicates a 2-way comparison.