Table 7.

Studies evaluating the value of biomarkers in diagnosing VAP

First author	Sample	Dx Tests	Gold standard	Results
Povoa, 2005, # [73]	Mixed ICU, 112 pts	CRP	Johanson	CRP (>9.6 mg/dl): sens = 87%, spec = 88%, AUC = 0.92.
Gibot, 2004, ** [75]	Mixed ICU, 148 pts	sTREM-1 in mini-BAL	Mini-BAL (103) Clinical (ad hoc)	Sens = 98%, spec = 90%.
Duflo, 2002, ** [71]	Mixed ICU, 96 pts	PCT serum & alveolar	Mini-BAL (103)	Serum PCT (≥3.9 ng/ml): sens = 41%, spec = 100%, AUC = 0787. Alveolar PCT: not useful.
Oppert, 2002, ** [72]	Mixed ICU, 28 pts	PCT and PCR	Clinical (ad hoc)	Serum PCT (>1 ng/ml): sens = 100%, spec = 75%.
El-Ebiary, 1995, *, ** [69]	Mixed ICU, 78 pts	Elastin fibre	Clinical (ad hoc)	EF: sens = 32%, spec = 72%.
Determann, 2005, ** [76]	Mixed ICU, 28 pts	sTREM-1	Clinical & NBLF	Sens = 75%, spec = 84%.
Pugin, 1992, ** [78]	Trauma ICU, 40 pts	BAL Endotoxin	Clinical & BAL	BAL endotoxin > 6 EU/ml suggests pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria.
Flanagan, 2001, ** [77]	Mixed ICU, 64 pts	BAL Endotoxin	Clinical & BAL	Sens = 81%, spec = 87%, PPV = 67%, NPV = 95%.

AUC: area under the curve; ICU = intensive care unit; CRP = C-reactive protein; sens = sensitivity; spec = specificity; sTREM-1 = soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells; BAL = bronchoalveolar lavage; PCT = procalcitonin; EF = elastin fiber; NBLF = non-directed bronchial lavage fluids; EU = endotoxin units; *retrospective; **consecutive; ^#convenient.