Table 4.

Primary and Secondary Outcomes

Variable	na	X̄ ± SDb	95% CIc	Qd	pe	I2f
Primary outcomes, mg/dl
TCg	53	−4.3 ± 1.3	−6.9 to −1.7*	148.6	<0.001**	65.0
HDL-C	56	1.8 ± 0.9	0.1 to 3.5*	500.6	<0.001**	89.2
LDL-C	46	−4.4 ± 1.1	−6.5 to −2.2*	108.3	<0.001**	58.5
TG	53	−4.2 ± 2.1	−8.4 to −0.1*	244.6	<0.001**	78.7
Secondary outcomes
Body weight, kg	39	−1.0 ± 0.2	−1.5 to −0.6*	35.2	0.60	0
BMI, kg/m2	18	−0.6 ± 0.2	−0.9 to −0.3*	19.9	0.28	14.6
Body fat, %	29	−1.3 ± 0.3	−1.9 to −0.7*	76.4	<0.001**	63.4
Vo2max, ml/kg−1/min−1	38	3.5 ± 0.4	2.7 to 4.2*	302.6	<0.001**	87.8

^an, total number of groups reporting data in which a treatment effect could be calculated.

^bX̄ ± SEM, mean ± standard error of the mean.

^cCI, confidence interval.

^dQ, heterogeneity value.

^ep, significance value for Q.

^fI², percentage (%) of inconsistency for study results, calculated from Q statistic.

^gTC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; BMI, body mass index; Vo₂max, maximum oxygen consumption.

^*Significantly different from zero.

^**Statistically significant at p < 0.10.