Table 3.

Logistic regressions of stage substance use for AI-SUPERPFP respondent aged 18–44 years.

		Stage 1A versus 0: Lifetime alcohol use (only) compared to lifetime abstainer			Stage 1B versus 1A: Lifetime marijuana and inhalant use compared to lifetime alcohol use			Stage 2 versus 1B: Lifetime use of other illicit drug (s) compared to marijuana and inhalant use
			Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Step	Characteristics	OR	CI	CI	OR	CI	CI	OR	CI	CI
	Demographic characteristics a
1	Northern Plains (NP)	-b			1.01	0.78	1.30	-b
1	Female				0.75 *	0.59	0.97	0.64 **	0.47	0.86
	Female*NP	0.85	0.62	1.18
	Female*Southwest (SW)	0.39**	0.28	0.55
1	Age 18–24 years	0.42**	0.31	0.58	2.64 **	1.90	3.67	0.66 *	0.45	0.95
1	Age 25–34years	0.99	0.77	1.29	1.20	0.91	1.58	0.81	0.58	1.13
1	Education: completed <2 years	0.86	0.68	1.10	1.02	0.79	1.33	0.80	0.59	1.09
	Family background c
1	Financial strain	1.14	0.85	1.54	1.30	0.97	1.73	0.83	0.59	1.15
1	Changed schools more than 2 times	1.34	0.96	1.86	1.07	1.28	1.46	0.92	0.65	1.30
1	Parents divorced	0.99	0.71	1.38	1.04	0.76	1.44	1.36	0.96	1.91
	Death of a parent
1	Separation from family	1.11	0.82	1.50	0.93	0.69	1.26	1.11	0.80	1.54
1	Parent drug or alcohol problem	1.43 *	1.08	1.90	1.05	0.75	1.38
	Parent drug or alcohol problem*NP							1.51 *	1.04	2.19
	Parent drug or alcohol problem*SW							0.68	0.40	1.14
	Traumatic events by age 18 d
1	Sexual abuse	0.96	0.55	1.67	1.85 **	1.16	2.96	0.96	0.60	1.56
1	Other violent trauma	1.42	0.92	2.20	1.09	0.75	1.57	1.30	0.89	1.90
1	Witness family violence				1.56 **	1.18	2.07	1.05	0.76	1.47
	Family violence*NP	1.85 **	1.21	2.84
	Family violence*SW	1.05	0.70	1.59
1	Witness other traumatic event	1.15	0.68	1.94	1.72 **	1.15	2.57	1.03	0.70	1.51
1	Non-interpersonal trauma	1.05	0.66	1.69	1.38	0.93	2.05	1.20	0.82	1.76
1	Someone close experienced such trauma	1.74 **	1.15	2.63	0.85	0.59	1.21	1.76 **	1.21	2.56
	Behaviors e
2	Conduct problem by age 18	2.94 **	1.79	4.83	1.45	0.96	2.20	2.59 **	1.69	3.98
2	Substance use initiation by age 13				2.85 **	1.97	4.10	1.37	0.91	2.07
2	Substance use initiation 13–15 years old				1.79 **	1.35	2.39	1.45 *	1.01	2.10
	Lifetime alcohol use							1.47 *	1.08	2.02
2	Substance use initiated with drug with or without alcohol							1.69 *	1.05	2.74

Stage of substance use: Respondents were assigned stage of substance use by lifetime reports of: abstinence, alcohol only, marijuana and/or inhalants with or without alcohol, and other illicit drug(s) with or without use of the previously listed substances. Other illicit drugs include cocaine, hallucinogens, non-ceremonial use of peyote, stimulants, heroin, sedatives, analgesics and tranquilizers.

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported by step. For example, the OR for Northern Plains is from Step 1 and the OR for conduct problem from Step 2.

^*,**indicates statistical significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

^aNote the reference groups for the socio-demographic characteristics are for tribe Southwest, for gender male, for age persons 35–44 years old, and for education completion of 12 or more years of schooling.

^bSignificant interaction identified. See values reported below.

^cCharacteristics of family during respondents childhood.

^dOther violent trauma includes physical abuse, being physically attacked or robbed, and being in direct combat experience in a war. Witnessing other traumatic events includes witnessing an accident or disaster where someone else was seriously injured or died or witnessing someone being abused or injured. Non-interpersonal traumatic experiences include a life-threatening accident or a natural disaster such as a flood or tornado.

^eSubstance use initiated with a drug, with or without alcohol, is compared to substance use initiation with alcohol only.