Table 2.
GSH and phytochelatin synthesis enzymes overexpression in plants and yeasts.
| Overexpressed enzyme (activity fold) | Organism (experimental condition) | Metabolite (increment fold) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATP sulfurylase (2.1) | Brassica juncea | 2.1 [GSH] | [37] |
| ATP sulfurylase (4.8) | Tobacco (unstressed) | 1.3 [SO42−] | [38] |
| O-acetyl-serine thiol-lyase (2.5) | Tobacco (unstressed) | 2 [Cys] | [39] |
| 0 [GSH] | |||
| Serine acetyl transferase (>10) | Potato chloroplasts (unstressed) | 2 [Cys] | [40] |
| 0 [GSH] | |||
| E. coli GS (90) | Populus tremula (unstressed) | 0 [GSH] | [34] |
| GS (3) | S. cerevisiae (unstressed) | 0 [GSH] | [41] |
| E. coliγ-ECS (>2) | Brassica juncea (unstressed) | 0 [GSH] | [35] |
| B. juncea (+100 μM Cd2+) | 4 [GSH](a) | ||
| γ-ECS (2.1) | S. cerevisiae (unstressed)) | 1.3 [GSH] | [42] |
| E. coliγ-ECS (50) | Populus tremula (unstressed) | 4.6 [GSH] | [34] |
| E. coliγ-ECS (4.9) | Brassica juncea (unstressed) B. juncea (+200 μM Cd2+) | 3.5 [GSH](b) | [43] |
| 1.5 [GSH](b) | |||
| E. coliγ-ECS (40) | Tobacco (unstressed) | >4 [GSH] | [44] |
| γ-ECS (9.1) + GS (18) | S. cerevisiae (unstressed) | 1.8 [GSH] | [45] |
| PCS (>2) | Arabidopsis thaliana (+85 μM Cd2+) | 0 [GSH] | [36] |
| Vacuolar transporter of PC-Cd complexes (>2) | S. pombe | Higher Cd2+ | [46] |
| resistance |
(a)The increase was only in roots with no effect on shoots. (b)The increase was only in shoots with no effect on roots.