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. 2008 Jun 16;105(24):8165–8166. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803931105

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

The chessboard example. Both chessboards code for two colors: black and white. A reading error occurs if one moves from one square to the horizontally or vertically adjacent square; a coding error is mistaking black for white (or vice versa). Clearly, the configuration on the left is much more likely to result in error than the one on the right.