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. 2008 Jun 27;9:35. doi: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-35

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Copyright © 2008 Lönnbro et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Attachment of superparamagnetic particles to the surface of bacteria. Panel A shows the two principles for covalent linkage of magnetic particles to bacteria. Top: glutaraldehyde can be used to create a pentyl bridge between amino group-exposing particles and the bacteria. Bottom: carbodiimide activation of carboxy group-exposing particles can be used to create peptide bonds with the bacteria. Panel B demonstrates the visualization of magnetite particles (arrowheads). Upper images: phase contrast and differential interference contrast, respectively; scale bar 1 μm. Lower image: electron micrograph depicting a bacterium (S. pyogenes) with attached magnetite particles; scale bar 0.5 μm. Panel C illustrates that, using the carbodiimide protocol, the attachment of particles (arrowhead) does not compromise the viability of bacteria, as determined by a BacLight Live-Dead kit (green = live, red = dead); scale bar 1 μm.