Table 2.
Active joint mobility of the foot-ankle complex in all reference planes: columns 2–4 show mean values and standard deviations, expressed in degrees; columns 5–7 show t values obtained from the comparisons of C vs D, C vs DN and D vs DN (ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05, t critical value = 2.355).
| Mean value (SD) | t value of multiple comparisons | |||||
| C | D | DN | C vs D | C vs DN | D vs DN | |
| Dorsal flexion (p = 0.000) | 34.4(8.3) | 29.8 (6.4) * | 27.3 (5.8) * | 3.034 | 4.355 | 1.658 |
| Plantar flexion (p = 0.000) | 40.1 (7.0) | 36.4 (5.1) | 32.4 (7.1) * | 2.222 | 4.209 | 2.291 |
| Range (p = 0.000) | 74.6 (13.6) | 66.2 (11.3) * | 59.6 (10.1) * | 3.011 | 4.994 | 2.302 |
| External rotation (p = 0.003) | 41.8 (7.1) | 34.6 (13.5) * | 35.0 (10.0) * | 3.222 | 2.779 | 0.192 |
| Internal rotation (p = 0.000) | 39.0 (7.4) | 30.1 (14.6) * | 28.9 (10.1) * | 3.784 | 3.925 | 0.473 |
| Range (p = 0.000) | 80.8 (12.3) | 64.7 (27.4) * | 64.0 (18.3) * | 3.710 | 3.553 | 0.159 |
| Eversion (p = 0.018) | 15.3 (5.1) | 16.2 (6.8) | 12.4 (4.9) § | 0.688 | 2.044 | 2.830 |
| Inversion (p = 0.707) | 30.8 (6.9) | 30.0 (10.4) | 31.5 (8.1) | - | - | 0.820 |
| Range (p = 0.613) | 46.2 (9.5) | 46.2 (14.4) | 43.9 (11.0) | - | - | 0.901 |
C: controls; D: diabetic patients without neuropathy; DN: diabetic patients with neuropathy
SD: standard deviation
* C vs D or C vs DN (ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05 and t > 2.355)
§D vs DN (ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05 and t > 2.355)