Fig. 1.

Formation of active oxygen and nitrogen species (upper left corner), targets of these reactive species (lower left corner), relation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the activation of NF-κB and transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (right). O₂^•−, superoxide anion radical; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; HO^•, hydroxyl radical; SOD, superoxide dismutase endogenous enzyme; CAT, catalase endogenous enzyme; GPx, glutathione endogenous enzyme; L-arginine, precursory enzyme of nitric oxide; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; ONOO^-, peroxynitrite; -SH, sulphydryl grouping; GSSH/GHS, oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio; IKK, inhibitor kappa kinase; IκBα, inhibitor kappa B; P, phosphorylation; cPLA₂, cytosolic phospholipase A₂; COX₂, cyclooxyganase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta.