Table 2—
Baseline characteristics of the EURODIAB PCS cohort by life/death status
| Died | Survived | |
|---|---|---|
| n | 102 | 2,685 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 41 ± 11 | 32 ± 10 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 20 ± 9 | 18 ± 8 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 22 ± 12 | 14 ± 9 |
| A1C (%)* | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 8.4 ± 1.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 27 | 121 ± 17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 15 | 75 ± 11 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 57 ± 21 | 45 ± 14 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.1 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
| Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.1 (0.9–1.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.1 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (men/women) | 0.93 ± 0.09/0.84 ± 0.13 | 0.88 ± 0.08/0.80 ± 0.11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (men/women) | 24.0 ± 2.9/23.5 ± 3.6 | 23.6 ± 2.6/23.5 ± 3.0 |
| Insulin dose (units · day−1 · kg−1) | 0.61 (0.49–0.75) | 0.67 (0.54–0.81) |
| AER (μg/min) | 54.1 (9.8–293.4) | 10.8 (6.5–24.0) |
| Men | 64 (63) | 1,61 (51) |
| Current smoking | 32 (31) | 835 (31) |
| Low physical activity | 55 (54) | 1,197 (45) |
| 2–3 insulin injections/day | 92 (91) | 2,510 (96) |
| Hypertension | 56 (55) | 595 (22) |
| Antihypertensive medication | 36 (35) | 225 (8) |
| ACE inhibitors | 17 (17) | 136 (5) |
| Calcium channel antagonists | 12 (12) | 44 (2) |
| β-Blockers | 5 (5) | 25 (1) |
| Diuretics | 6 (6) | 15 (1) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 2 (2) | 11 (0.4) |
| α-Blockers | 0 (0) | 8 (0.3) |
| Microalbuminuria | 24 (26) | 549 (21) |
| Macroalbuminuria | 30 (31) | 197 (8) |
| Albuminuria | 54 (57) | 746 (29) |
| Nonproliferative retinopathy | 24 (38) | 771 (35) |
| Proliferative retinopathy | 22 (34) | 210 (10) |
| Retinopathy | 46 (72) | 981 (45) |
| Autonomic neuropathy: 1)† | 59 (58) | 818 (30) |
| Autonomic neuropathy: 2)† | 9 (9) | 55 (2) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 58 (57) | 569 (21) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 28 (28) | 211 (8) |
Data are means ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%).
*
Corrected A1C values according to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial method.
†
Autonomic neuropathy was defined in two ways: 1) loss of heart rate variability with an RR ratio of <1.04 and/or postural hypotension with a fall in systolic blood pressure of ≥20 mmHg or 2) loss of heart rate variability with an RR ratio of <1.04 and postural hypotension with a fall in systolic blood pressure of ≥30 mmHg.