Table 3—
Age and duration of diabetes-adjusted analyses between risk factors, microvascular complications, and mortality
| sHR (95%CI)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-CVD causes | CVD mortality | Unknown cause | All-cause mortality | |
| n | 38 | 29 | 35 | 102 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 1.94 (1.42–2.66) | 1.72 (1.03–2.86) | 2.05 (1.29–3.23) | 1.87 (1.44–2.45) |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 1.70 (1.32–2.19) | 1.54 (1.03–2.31) | 1.77 (1.23–2.55) | 1.65 (1.33–2.04) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 1.06 (0.80–1.42) | 1.60 (1.03–2.50) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) |
| A1C (%)* | 1.25 (0.99–1.58) | 1.42 (0.98–2.05) | 1.34 (0.96–1.86) | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.48 (1.22–1.80) | 1.43 (1.05–1.95) | 1.57 (1.20–2.05) | 1.46 (1.24–1.73) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 1.34 (0.94–1.89) | 1.42 (1.05–1.94) | 1.26 (1.05–1.52) |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 1.37 (1.14–1.64) | 1.26 (0.93–1.72) | 1.35 (1.04–1.76) | 1.34 (1.14–1.57) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.38 (1.12–1.71) | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 1.53 (1.15–2.04) | 1.31 (1.09–1.58) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 1.37 (0.95–1.99) | 1.42 (1.01–1.98) | 1.32 (1.06–1.63) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.74 (0.58–0.96) | 0.61 (0.40–0.92) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) |
| Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l)* | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 1.68 (1.16–2.43) | 1.45 (1.03–2.02) | 1.44 (1.17–1.78) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.45 (1.18–1.77) | 1.31 (0.94–1.81) | 1.60 (1.21–2.11) | 1.40 (1.18–1.67) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 1.33 (1.12–1.57) | 1.35 (1.06–1.73) | 1.15 (0.84–1.56) | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 1.03 (0.71–1.51) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) |
| Insulin dose (units · day−1 · kg−1) | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 1.05 (0.69–1.59) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.88 (0.70–1.09) |
| AER (μg/min)* | 1.60 (1.34–1.91) | 2.22 (1.70–2.91) | 1.63 (1.27–2.10) | 1.75 (1.51–2.03) |
| Current smoking | 1.34 (0.82–2.19) | 0.94 (0.39–2.23) | 1.24 (0.60–2.57) | 1.23 (0.80–1.88) |
| Low physical activity | 1.14 (0.60–2.15) | 0.83 (0.39–1.76) | 2.63 (1.25–5.50) | 1.36 (0.92–2.02) |
| 2–3 insulin injections/day vs. 1 injection | 0.72 (0.29–1.80) | 0.39 (0.13–1.16) | 0.61 (0.19–2.02) | 0.58 (0.29–1.15) |
| Hypertension | 2.22 (1.35–3.63) | 3.22 (1.42–7.30) | 3.01 (1.46–6.20) | 2.44 (1.61–3.72) |
| Antihypertensive medication | 2.09 (0.95–4.62) | 3.99 (1.84–8.65) | 3.91 (1.91–7.99) | 3.15 (2.04–4.85) |
| Microalbuminuria | 1.40 (0.82–2.40) | 0.76 (0.29–2.04) | 1.10 (0.49–2.44) | 1.20 (0.75–1.92) |
| Macroalbuminuria | 3.12 (1.78–5.45) | 8.73 (4.03–19.0) | 3.31 (1.53–7.17) | 4.27 (2.75–6.64) |
| Albuminuria | 2.53 (1.55–4.12) | 4.51 (1.94–10.5) | 2.21 (1.11–4.42) | 2.94 (1.93–4.46) |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy | 0.83 (0.46–1.51) | 0.78 (0.28–2.19) | 0.84 (0.36–1.97) | 0.82 (0.49–1.37) |
| Proliferative retinopathy | 2.77 (1.36–5.63) | 7.29 (2.22–23.9) | 2.53 (0.94–6.81) | 3.58 (1.97–6.51) |
| Retinopathy | 1.73 (0.87–3.42) | 6.27 (1.29–30.5) | 1.72 (0.64–4.66) | 2.23 (1.21–4.12) |
| Autonomic neuropathy: 1)† | 2.81 (1.35–5.83) | 3.61 (1.49–8.76) | 2.44 (1.20–4.95) | 2.83 (1.82–4.38) |
| Autonomic neuropathy: 2)† | 2.73 (0.81–9.24) | 3.71 (1.23–11.2) | 1.36 (0.32–5.77) | 2.45 (1.21–4.96) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 3.48 (1.72–7.06) | 2.24 (1.00–5.04) | 2.76 (1.34–5.71) | 2.83 (1.84–4.34) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.83 (0.29–2.40) | 3.20 (1.42–7.20) | 3.93 (1.91–8.10) | 2.38 (1.50–3.77) |
*
Log-transformed corrected A1C values according to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial method. Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed, with baseline age and diabetes duration adjustments.
†
Autonomic neuropathy was defined in two ways: 1) loss of heart rate variability with an RR ratio of <1.04 and/or postural hypotension with a fall in systolic blood pressure of ≥20 mmHg or 2) loss of heart rate variability with an RR ratio of <1.04 and postural hypotension with a fall in systolic BP of ≥30 mmHg.