Table 2—

Age and multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for incident type 2 diabetes according to quintile of cumulative averaged intake of fruit and vegetables

	Cumulative averaged intake of fruit and vegetables					Ptrend	3 servings/day and 1 serving/day increase in intake*	Median intake (quintile 1, 5) servings/day†
	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5
Vegetables
n	845	877	930	976	901
Person-years	233,945	247,049	249,343	246,076	227,581
Age-adjusted	1.00	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	1.05 (0.96–1.15)	1.04 (0.95–1.15)	0.13	1.06 (0.98–1.13)	3.09 (1.61, 5.40)
Model 1‡	1.00	0.98 (0.89–1.08)	0.98 (0.89–1.08)	1.03 (0.93–1.13)	0.98 (0.88–1.09)	0.92	1.00 (0.92–1.08)
Model 2§	1.00	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	1.02 (0.93–1.12)	1.08 (0.98–1.19)	1.05 (0.94–1.16)	0.22	1.04 (0.97–1.13)
Fruit‖
n	862	988	948	914	817
Person-years	237,964	249,649	247,769	241,595	227,017
Age-adjusted	1.00	1.06 (0.97–1.16)	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	0.97 (0.88–1.06)	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.003	0.84 (0.74–0.94)	1.08 (0.46, 2.64)
Model 1‡	1.00	1.01 (0.92–1.11)	0.94 (0.86–1.04)	0.89 (0.81–0.98)	0.81 (0.73–0.91)	<0.001	0.74 (0.65–0.84)
Model 2§	1.00	1.04 (0.94–1.14)	0.99 (0.90–1.09)	0.96 (0.86–1.06)	0.90 (0.80–1.00)	0.008	0.82 (0.72–0.94)
Fruit and vegetables‖
n	870	900	945	924	890
Person-years	237,727	248,219	247,926	244,157	225,964
Age-adjusted	1.00	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	0.99 (0.90–1.09)	0.97 (0.88–1.07)	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	0.91	1.00 (0.96–1.05)	4.47 (2.35, 7.66)
Model 1‡	1.00	0.98 (0.89–1.07)	0.95 (0.87–1.05)	0.92 (0.84–1.02)	0.92 (0.82–1.02)	0.06	0.95 (0.90–1.00)
Model 2§	1.00	1.01 (0.92–1.11)	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	0.99 (0.89–1.09)	1.01 (0.90–1.12)	0.99	0.99 (0.94–1.05)
Fruit juices
n	749	946	1032	920	882
Person-years	239,408	241,268	250,260	241,633	231,425
Age-adjusted	1.00	1.21 (1.10–1.34)	1.28 (1.17–1.41)	1.17 (1.06–1.28)	1.17 (1.06–1.29)	0.10	1.05 (0.99–1.12)	0.54 (0.04, 1.33)
Model 1‡	1.00	1.20 (1.09–1.32)	1.28 (1.16–1.40)	1.25 (1.13–1.38)	1.33 (1.20–1.48)	<0.001	1.17 (1.10–1.25)
Model 2§	1.00	1.21 (1.10–1.33)	1.29 (1.17–1.42)	1.25 (1.14–1.38)	1.35 (1.22–1.50)	<0.001	1.18 (1.10–1.26)
Legumes
n	825	874	951	968	911
Person-years	248,849	216,815	248,202	259,566	230,563
Age-adjusted	1.00	1.12 (1.02–1.23)	1.09 (0.99–1.20)	1.08 (0.99–1.19)	1.12 (1.02–1.23)	0.11	1.20 (0.96, 1.50)	0.17 (0.07, 0.45)
Model 1‡	1.00	1.13 (1.03–1.25)	1.10 (1.00–1.21)	1.10 (1.00–1.21)	1.09 (0.99–1.21)	0.40	1.11 (0.87–1.40)
Model 2§	1.00	1.14 (1.03–1.25)	1.12 (1.02–1.23)	1.13 (1.02–1.24)	1.14 (1.03–1.25)	0.09	1.23 (0.97–1.56)
Green leafy vegetables
n	921	957	995	837	819
Person-years	223,958	239,419	256,196	241,036	243,385
Age-adjusted	1.00	0.96 (0.88–1.05)	0.92 (0.84–1.00)	0.81 (0.74–0.89)	0.78 (0.71–0.86)	<0.001	0.80 (0.75–0.86)	0.72 (0.25, 1.48)
Model 1‡	1.00	0.99 (0.90–1.08)	0.99 (0.90–1.09)	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.87 (0.78–0.96)	<0.001	0.88 (0.82–0.95)
Model 2§	1.00	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	1.02 (0.93–1.11)	0.93 (0.85–1.03)	0.90 (0.82–1.00)	0.010	0.91 (0.84–0.98)

^*For vegetables, fruit, and fruit and vegetables combined, data for 3 servings/day increase are shown; for all other items, 1 serving/day increase is shown.

^†Shown is overall median intake for the entire category and, in parentheses, the median intakes for the lowest and highest quintiles, data are in servings/day distribution based on the cumulative average of median values from questionnaires from 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998.

^‡Additionally adjusted for BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, and total energy intake.

^§Adjusted for all variables in model 1 and additionally for whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks.

^‖Neither fruit nor fruit and vegetables include fruit juices.