Table 2—
Characteristics of the population at baseline (diabetes only)
| No retinopathy | Incident retinopathy | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 287 | 25 | |
| Age (years) | 60 ± 11 | 63 ± 10 | 0.175 |
| Male sex (%) | 53 | 60 | 0.499 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 7.6 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l)* | 12.4 ± 3.6 | 16.2 ± 6.9 | 0.006 |
| A1C (%) | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 8.5 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | 3.9 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 0.007 |
| Known diabetes (%) | 43 | 80 | 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years)† | 0 (0–3) | 5 (2–9) | <0.001 |
| Taking insulin or tablets (%) | 57 | 90 | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.4 ± 5.9 | 29.1 ± 6.1 | 0.296 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.4 ± 13.7 | 98.8 ± 12.9 | 0.366 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) | 1.2 (0.5–4.5) | 0.115 |
| Lipid treatment (%) | 26 | 28 | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.971 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 0.026 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 1.7 (0.8–2.6) | 0.189 |
| Current smoker (%) | 10 | 4 | 0.334 |
| Hypertension (%) | 40 | 40 | 0.313 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 142 ± 18 | 152 ± 23 | 0.005 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 12 | 78 ± 14 | 0.334 |
Data are means ± SD or median (interquartile range).
*
Those with KDM and on current treatment with tablets or insulin did not undergo an oral glucose tolerance test.
†
Newly diagnosed participants given duration of zero. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.