Figure 1.

Hypothesized scheme of the ER stress-mediated cell death pathways. At least, three major cell death pathways are associated with ER stress-induced cell death.

Abbreviations: ER, endoplasmic reticulum; TRAF2, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2; ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; SEK1, SAPK/ERK kinase 1; MKK7, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; PERK, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; elF2α, a subunit of translation eukaryotic initiation factor 2; CHOP, C/ERB homologous protein.