Table 1.
Pharmacologic properties of β-blockers
| Generic name | β1-selective | α-blocker | ISA | Lipid solubility | Loss by liver or kidney | Plasma Half-life (h) | Plasma protein binding (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noncardioselective | |||||||
| Propranolol | − | − | − | +++ | Liver | 1–6 | 90 |
| Carteolol | − | − | + | 0/+ | Kidney | 5–6 | 20–30 |
| Nadolol | − | − | − | 0 | Kidney | 20–24 | 30 |
| Penbutolol | − | − | + | +++ | Liver | 20–25 | 98 |
| Sotalol | − | − | − | 0 | Kidney | 7–18 | 5 |
| Timolol | − | − | − | + | Liver, kidney | 4–5 | 60 |
| Cardioselective | |||||||
| Acebutolol | + | − | ++ | 0 | Liver, kidney | 8–13 | 15 |
| Atenolol | + | − | − | 0 | Kidney | 6–7 | 10 |
| Betaxolol | + | − | − | ++ | Liver then kidney | 14–22 | 50 |
| Bisoprolol | + | − | − | + | Liver, kidney | 9–12 | 30 |
| Metoprolol | + | − | − | + | Liver | 3–7 | 12 |
| Vasodilatory β-blockers nonselective | |||||||
| Labetalol | − | + | − | +++ | Liver, some kidney | 6–8 | 90 |
| Pindolol | − | + | +++ | + | Liver, kidney | 4 | 55 |
| Carvedilol | − | + | − | + | Liver | 6 | 95 |
| Vasodilatory β-blockers, cardioselective | |||||||
| Celiprolol | + | + | + | 0/+ | Kidney, then liver | 6–8 | − |
| Nebivolol | + | − | − | + | Liver | 10–30a | 98 |
Modified from Opie and Yusuf (2005).
a
Kuroedov (2004).
Abbreviation: ISA, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.