Table 2 Effects of adjusting for environmental, social and personal variables on associations between women's education level and likelihood of leisure‐time walking in multilevel logistic regression models*.
Variables | Model 1 (education only) | Model 2 (education and environmental mediators) | Model 3 (education, environmental and social mediators) | Model 4 (education, environmental, social and personal mediators) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | ||||||||
Up to 10 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
12 years/certificate/trade | 1.12 | 0.81 to 1.43 | 1.09 | 0.78 to 1.41 | 1.01 | 0.68 to 1.34 | 1.05 | 0.70 to 1.41 |
University | 1.45 | 1.13 to 1.77 | 1.30 | 0.97 to 1.62 | 1.23 | 0.89 to 1.58 | 1.19 | 0.82 to 1.56 |
Environmental variables | ||||||||
Walking track length | ||||||||
Lowest quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Second quartile | 1.30 | 0.97 to 1.63 | 1.32 | 0.95 to 1.68 | 1.28 | 0.92 to 1.63 | ||
Third quartile | 1.54 | 1.21 to 1.86 | 1.51 | 1.17 to 1.84 | 1.46 | 1.10 to 1.81 | ||
Highest quartile | 1.17 | 0.82 to 1.51 | 1.23 | 0.87 to 1.58 | 1.32 | 0.94 to 1.69 | ||
Not coastal neighbourhood | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Coastal neighbourhood | 1.78 | 1.38 to 2.19 | 1.60 | 1.19 to 2.02 | 1.46 | 1.02 to 1.90 | ||
Neighbourhood aesthetics | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Mid | 1.14 | 0.84 to 1.44 | 1.05 | 0.74 to 1.37 | 0.90 | 0.57 to 1.24 | ||
High | 1.53 | 1.18 to 1.88 | 1.36 | 0.99 to 1.72 | 1.00 | 0.61 to 1.39 | ||
Neighbourhood safety | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Mid | 1.28 | 0.99 to 1.58 | 1.20 | 0.89 to 1.51 | 1.09 | 0.76 to 1.42 | ||
High | 1.55 | 1.24 to 1.87 | 1.43 | 1.11 to 1.76 | 1.26 | 0.91 to 1.60 | ||
Social variables | ||||||||
Family social support | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Mid | 1.12 | 0.84 to 1.41 | 1.01 | 0.70 to 1.31 | ||||
High | 1.69 | 1.37 to 2.00 | 1.29 | 0.94 to 1.63 | ||||
Friends' social support | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Mid | 1.38 | 1.10 to 1.66 | 1.39 | 1.09 to 1.69 | ||||
High | 2.13 | 1.79 to 2.48 | 1.77 | 1.39 to 2.14 | ||||
Club membership | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
No club membership | 0.85 | 0.57 to 1.13 | 0.96 | 0.65 to 1.27 | ||||
Not dog owner | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Dog owner | 1.72 | 1.46 to 1.98 | 1.68 | 1.40 to 1.95 | ||||
Personal variables | ||||||||
Self‐efficacy | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | |||||||
Mid | 1.63 | 1.31 to 1.94 | ||||||
High | 2.27 | 1.90 to 2.64 | ||||||
Enjoyment | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | |||||||
Mid | 1.81 | 1.51 to 2.11 | ||||||
High | 2.71 | 2.36 to 3.05 | ||||||
Barriers | ||||||||
Low | 1.00 | |||||||
Mid | 0.77 | 0.43 to 1.12 | ||||||
High | 0.75 | 0.38 to 1.12 | ||||||
Intentions | 1.00 | |||||||
Low | 1.79 | 1.48 to 2.11 | ||||||
Mid | 1.73 | 1.35 to 2.11 | ||||||
High | ||||||||
Random effects | ||||||||
Area‐level | ||||||||
Median OR | 1.17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Values are OR (95% CI).
*Multilevel logistic regression models show the ORs for the likelihood of leisure‐time walking according to education and environmental, social and personal variables. The median OR reflects the level‐2 variation (ie the variation in the likelihood of leisure‐time walking that is between neighbourhoods rather than between individuals).