Table 1.
Trends in age-adjusted rates* of death from four major cancers by educational attainment, ages 25–64 years, 43 states and the District of Columbia, 1993-2001
| White non-Hispanic | Black non-Hispanic | |||||||
| 1993 Rate | 2001 Rate | APC‡ | P value§ | 1993 Rate | 2001 Rate | APC‡ | P value§ | |
| Lung and bronchus | ||||||||
| Male | ||||||||
| All education† | 46.9 (48.8) | 35.7 (36.4) | −3.3 (−3.5) | <.001 (<.001) | 81.4 (88.5) | 57.9 (60.2) | −4.0 (−4.4) | <.001 (<.001) |
| <12 y | 88.1 | 87.3 | −0.1 | .905 | 98.3 | 90.4 | −0.2 | .705 |
| 12 y | 59.5 | 53.2 | −1.5 | .001 | 98.6 | 73.7 | −3.2 | .009 |
| 13–15 y | 32.7 | 24.2 | −3.5 | <.001 | 45.6 | 32.2 | −4.7 | <.001 |
| ≥16 y | 20.7 | 13.7 | −4.9 | <.001 | 38.3 | 21.0 | −6.8 | <.001 |
| Rate difference‖ | 67.3 | 73.6 | 60.0 | 69.4 | ||||
| Rate ratio¶ | 4.2 (4.1 to 4.4) | 6.4 (6.2 to 6.6) | <.001 | 2.6 (2.5 to 2.8) | 4.3 (3.9 to 4.8) | <.001 | ||
| Ptrend# | .001 | .004 | ||||||
| Female | ||||||||
| All education† | 27.6 (28.4) | 24.7 (25.1) | −1.4 (−1.6) | <.001 (<.001) | 28.7 (30.5) | 26.3 (26.9) | −1.0 (−1.5) | .068 (.011) |
| <12 y | 45.5 | 55.4 | 2.4 | <.001 | 32.7 | 30.4 | 0.8 | .476 |
| 12 y | 32.1 | 33.1 | 0.1 | .657 | 37.3 | 35.7 | −0.7 | .191 |
| 13–15 y | 19.8 | 16.6 | −1.7 | .003 | 20.1 | 19.3 | −1.3 | .282 |
| ≥16 y | 13.9 | 11.6 | −2.9 | <.001 | 14.8 | 16.7 | −2.2 | .246 |
| Rate difference‖ | 31.6 | 43.8 | 17.9 | 13.7 | ||||
| Rate ratio¶ | 3.3 (3.1 to 3.5) | 4.8 (4.5 to 5.0) | <.001 | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.7) | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.1) | .090 | ||
| Ptrend# | .009 | .059 | ||||||
| Colon and rectum | ||||||||
| Male | ||||||||
| All education† | 11.7 (12.0) | 10.6 (10.7) | −1.5 (−1.6) | <.001 (<.001) | 18.0 (19.7) | 17.9 (18.3) | 0.0 (−0.7) | .981 (.080) |
| <12 y | 14.1 | 16.0 | 0.9 | .237 | 17.4 | 20.9 | 2.7 | <.001 |
| 12 y | 14.6 | 13.9 | −0.9 | .130 | 21.9 | 23.9 | 1.0 | .341 |
| 13–15 y | 9.2 | 8.1 | −1.1 | .006 | 15.4 | 11.7 | −2.7 | .161 |
| ≥16 y | 9.3 | 7.9 | −2.4 | <.001 | 16.3 | 11.5 | −4.8 | .011 |
| Rate difference‖ | 4.8 | 8.2 | 1.1 | 9.4 | ||||
| Rate ratio¶ | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) | 2.0 (1.9 to 2.2) | <.001 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.2) | <.001 | ||
| Ptrend# | .039 | .010 | ||||||
| Female | ||||||||
| All education† | 8.3 (8.5) | 7.2 (7.3) | −1.7 (−1.8) | <.001 (<.001) | 13.0 (13.7) | 13.0 (13.3) | −0.3 (−0.7) | .518 (.103) |
| < 12 y | 9.5 | 10.4 | 1.4 | .073 | 11.0 | 10.3 | −0.3 | .745 |
| 12 y | 9.7 | 9.2 | −1.0 | .010 | 16.1 | 17.8 | −0.3 | .730 |
| 13–15 y | 6.4 | 5.5 | −1.6 | .006 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 0.7 | .659 |
| ≥16 y | 6.8 | 5.4 | −3.0 | <.001 | 15.6 | 12.2 | −2.6 | .030 |
| Rate difference‖ | 2.8 | 4.9 | −4.5 | −1.9 | ||||
| Rate ratio¶ | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) | 0.8 (0.7 to 1.0) | .232 | ||
| Ptrend# | .063 | .288 | ||||||
| Breast | ||||||||
| Female | ||||||||
| All education† | 27.4 (28.2) | 21.4 (21.7) | −3.4 (−3.5) | <.001 (<.001) | 38.0 (40.1) | 34.9 (35.5) | −1.1 (1.5) | .027 (.003) |
| <12 y | 27.4 | 24.1 | −1.4 | .029 | 30.0 | 28.7 | 0.1 | .855 |
| 12 y | 30.6 | 25.4 | −2.9 | <.001 | 45.3 | 43.4 | −1.5 | .078 |
| 13–15 y | 23.2 | 17.3 | −3.6 | <.001 | 35.3 | 30.0 | −0.9 | .447 |
| ≥16 y | 27.4 | 20.1 | −4.3 | <.001 | 45.7 | 35.8 | −3.8 | <.001 |
| Rate difference‖ | 0.0 | 4.0 | −15.7 | −7.0 | ||||
| Rate ratio¶ | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.7) | 0.8 (0.7 to 0.9) | .004 | ||
| Ptrend# | .025 | .046 | ||||||
| Prostate | ||||||||
| Male | ||||||||
| All education† | 3.9 (4.0) | 2.7 (2.8) | −4.6 (−4.7) | <.001 (<.001) | 11.8 (12.7) | 8.8 (9.1) | −3.3 (−3.6) | <.001 (<.001) |
| <12 y | 4.0 | 3.4 | −1.6 | .054 | 10.4 | 9.6 | −1.6 | .133 |
| 12 y | 4.3 | 3.3 | −3.5 | .003 | 16.2 | 12.7 | −1.6 | .171 |
| 13–15 y | 3.4 | 2.3 | −5.5 | <.001 | 10.3 | 5.3 | −7.4 | .003 |
| ≥16 y | 3.8 | 2.3 | −6.3 | <.001 | 7.6 | 4.8 | −5.9 | .071 |
| Rate difference‖ | 0.2 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 4.8 | ||||
| Rate ratio¶ | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) | .001 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8) | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.7) | .054 | ||
| Ptrend# | .022 | .211 | ||||||
Single-year rates per 100 000 people were age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population for ages 25–64 years.
Excludes persons with missing data for educational attainment (data in parentheses includes persons with missing educational attainment).
Annual percent change (APC) estimated from weighted least squares linear regression models fit to the log-transformed age-adjusted death rates for years 1993–2001.
Value adjacent to APC indicates test for APC statistical difference from 0, two-sided. Value adjacent to rate ratios indicates test for statistical difference between rate ratios for single years 1993 and 2001.
The difference between the age-adjusted rates for less than 12 years and 16 or more years education for the indicated year.
Rate ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing age-adjusted rate for less than 12 years education to 16 or more years education for the indicated year.
Test for trend in APC over levels of education using inverse variance weighted linear regression.