Table 2. Factors associated with HIV infection among Male and Female IDUs in Tijuana.
| Baseline Characteristics | Males | Females | ||
| Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (per 10 years)γ | 0.93 | 0.60–1.45 | 0.28 | 0.12–0.64 |
| Number of years of education completed γ | 0.97 | 0.87–1.08 | 0.89 | 0.77–1.02 |
| Speaks English¥ γ | 1.93 | 0.91–4.07 | 0.26 | 0.07–0.96 |
| Average monthly income≥3000 pesos | 1.65 | 0.67–4.11 | 1.75 | 0.53–5.77 |
| Married/common-law | 1.43 | 0.68–3.03 | 0.75 | 0.26–2.11 |
| Social Influence | ||||
| Sex partner is an IDU | 0.97 | 0.06–16.8 | 1.41 | 0.28–7.14 |
| Number of IDUs in social network (per 5 people) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 |
| Number of hours spent daily on the street* ¥ | 1.10 | 1.03–1.16 | 1.07 | 0.98–1.17 |
| Number of people usually injected with (per 5 people)* ¥ | 1.21 | 1.03–1.42 | 1.53 | 0.41–5.70 |
| Ever forced to have sex | 3.57 | 0.43–29.5 | 0.94 | 0.28–3.13 |
| Individual Behaviors | ||||
| Duration of injection (years) γ | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.90 | 0.83–0.98 |
| Any receptive needle sharing* | 0.76 | 0.37–1.57 | 1.24 | 0.44–3.48 |
| Shared injection paraphernalia≥half the time* | 0.32 | 0.04–2.36 | 0.54 | 0.03–9.96 |
| Used new/sterile syringes≥half the time* | 1.43 | 0.70–2.92 | 0.50 | 0.17–1.45 |
| Obtained syringes from needle exchange program* | 1.08 | 0.14–8.19 | 0.54 | 0.12–2.35 |
| Ever had unprotected sex with HIV+ person¥ γ | 7.85 | 2.46–25.1 | 21.2 | 1.80–250 |
| Syphilis titer≥1∶8¥ γ | 5.30 | 2.16–13.0 | 2.66 | 0.83–8.47 |
| Positive syphilis antibodies ¥ γ (i.e., lifetime exposure) | 3.24 | 1.45–7.24 | 4.54 | 1.49–13.8 |
| Ever traded sex for money, drugs, goods or shelter | 0.32 | 0.08–1.35 | 1.54 | 0.49–4.82 |
| Ever had sex with someone of the same sex | 0.66 | 0.27–1.63 | 1.17 | 0.38–3.62 |
| Ever had an HIV test¥ γ | 0.41 | 0.17–1.01 | 0.35 | 0.12–1.01 |
| High perceived risk of HIV infection¥ γ | 2.84 | 1.29–6.27 | 3.33 | 1.14–9.73 |
| Structural/Environmental Factors | ||||
| Born in Mexico¥ | 0.14 | 0.02–1.28 | 1.02 | 0.21–4.88 |
| Born outside of Baja California¥ | 3.36 | 1.16–9.69 | 1.21 | 0.40–3.68 |
| Ever traveled to the U.S. γ | 2.38 | 0.72–7.93 | 0.14 | 0.04–0.46 |
| Deported from the U.S. ¥ | 3.51 | 1.60–7.72 | 0.45 | 0.10–2.08 |
| Moved to Tijuana was planned ¥ | 0.34 | 0.14–0.86 | 1.97 | 0.40–9.75 |
| Number of years lived in Tijuana (per 10 years) ¥ | 0.68 | 0.50–0.93 | 1.15 | 0.81–1.64 |
| Homeless* ¥ | 2.04 | 0.89–4.66 | 0.48 | 0.03–8.63 |
| Normally injected drugs outside* | 1.53 | 0.72–3.24 | 0.42 | 0.02–7.60 |
| Normally injected drugs at shooting gallery* | 0.97 | 0.47–2.01 | 0.43 | 0.05–3.43 |
| Ever arrested | 1.26 | 0.38–4.22 | 0.75 | 0.22–2.50 |
| # arrests for having track marks (per 5 arrests) ¥ | 1.10 | 1.00–1.22 | 1.10 | 0.86–1.42 |
| # arrests for carrying used syringes (per 5 arrests) | 1.13 | 0.97–1.32 | 0.79 | 0.36–1.76 |
| # times in jail/prison (per 5 times) | 0.76 | 0.41–1.39 | 0.51 | 0.12–2.17 |
| Ever injected in jail | 0.87 | 0.39–1.92 | 1.14 | 0.28–4.63 |
*
refers to last six months.
¥
p-value≤0.10 for males.
γ
p-value≤0.10 for females.