Table 1.
Schizophrenia versus Control Group Differences in PFC or MTL Activation During Functional Imaging Studies of Episodic memory
| Author | Task | Contrast | CON>SCZ | SCZ>CON |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achim 07 | Word List Recognition | Arbitrary > Semantically- related Word pairs | bilat Hpc, bilat PHipG, bilat Entorhinal | n/a |
| Recog > nonrecog | n/a | lPCG | ||
| Andreasen 96 (PET) | Story Recall | Recall of Practiced Story vs baseline | lAntFr, rMedFr | n/a |
| Assaf 06 | Verbal Object Recall | Recall>Nonrecall | n/a | rDLPFC, rIFG, bilatPre- SMA/dACC, vACC, lPCG |
| Barch 02 | Verbal/Face Recognition | Encoding > Baseline | rDLPFC (9); lHpc/PHipG (words only) | SMA (6) |
| Recognition > Baseline | rDLPFC, Medial PFG (8) | SMA (6) | ||
| Bonner- Jackson 05 | LOP (Words, Faces) | Deep >Shallow | n/a | lIFG (BA45), rIFG (45), lMFG (BA 10); Perf-matched subgroups: lIFG |
| Crespo- Facorro 99 (PET) | Word List Recall | Practiced List > Baseline | lDLPFC (46), lSMA (6), bilatMedFG (32), rMedFG (43), rPreMot (6) | n/a |
| Novel List > baseline | lIFG (44), rt ACC (32/34) | n/a | ||
| Crespo- Facorro 01 (PET) | Word Recognition | Novel Recog > Practiced Recog | Bilat SFG (8), rMFG/IFG (46/10), lPCG (6), bilat rACC (24/32), bilat OFG (11,13), rGRect (14) | n/a |
| Heckers 98 (PET) | Word List Recall | High Recall > Low Recall | rHpc | rPFC (10) |
| Heinze 06 | Word List Recall | Forgot > Recall | rHpc | rIFG (47) |
| Recall > Forgot | n/a | rIFG | ||
| Hofer 03a | Word List Recog | Encoding > Baseline | rPFC (10,9) | n/a |
| Recognition > Baseline | L PFC (46, 6), rPFC (46) | n/a | ||
| Hofer 03b | Word List Recog | Encoding > Baseline | rPFC (10) | n/a |
| Recog > Baseline | lPFC (46,9,8,4), rPFC (9) | Bilat Ant PFC (10), lPFC (6) | ||
| Lepage 06 | Visual Object Pair and Item Recog | Assoc > Item Encoding | L MFG (9), ACC (24), PCG (6) | n/a |
| Assoc > Item Recog | lMFG (46), rIFG (47), rMedFG (8) | n/a | ||
| Ragland 05 | LOP Words | Deep > Shallow Encoding | n/a | lHpc |
| Deep > Shallow Recog | n/a | lMFG (10) | ||
| Ragland 04 | Word List Recog | Encoding > Baseline | rMFG (46), lMFG/PCG (9,6) | lPCG (4), l PHipG (19), rPHipG (30) |
| Recog > Baseline | lMFG (10), rPCG (6) | rMFG (11), lPCG (4,6), lMedFG (6) | ||
| Ragland 01 | Word List Recog | Encoding > baseline | lPFC (45, 8,9) | n/a |
| Recog > Baseline | lPFC (46,8,9,32) | n/a | ||
| Ragland 98 (PET) | Paired Assoc Recognition | Recog > Baseline | Inf IFG, OFG | DLPFC |
| Weiss 06 | Word List Recognition | Correct New Item Rejection: Long Delay > Short Delay | n/a | lPFC (46), rPFC (47,9), lSMA (6) |
| Weiss 03 | Word-Stem Retrieval Memory: Semantically vs Perceptually- Encoded | Retrieval of Semantically- Encoded > Perceptually- Encoded | rMTL | lPFC (47), FrPole (10), lOFC (11) |
| Retrieval of Semantically- Encoded > Baseline | lPFC (47), rHpc | Fr Pole (10), lOFC (11) | ||
| Repeat-Encoding (High Recall) > Baseline | Bilat PFC (47) | n/a |
Summary from all English-language peer-reviewed reports (as of 02/27/08) of schizophrenia patients (SCZ) and healthy comparison subjects (CON) performing episodic memory tasks, of all statistically-significant between-group differences for prefrontal cortical regions (PFC) and/or medial temporal lobe regions (MTL). Studies included only if reporting whole-brain analysis, and significant PFC and/or MTL group differences. All are functional magnetic resonance imaging studies unless otherwise indicated. LOP, levels-of-processing; PET, positron emission tomography; l, left hemisphere; r, right hemisphere; bilat, bilateral; AntFr, anterior frontal; Med Fr, medial frontal; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; SMA, supplemental motor area; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; vACC, ventral anterior cingulate cortex;; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; PCG, precentral gyrus; Hpc, hippocampus; PHipG, parahippocampal gyrus; Medial PFG, medial prefrontal gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; PreMot, premotor cortex; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; OFG, orbitofrontal gyrus; GRect, gyrus rectus. Brodmann Areas indicated in parentheses.