Table 3.

Primary and secondary outcomes

Variable	N	X̄ ± SEM	95% CI	Q	p	I2
Primary outcomes (mg/dl)
TC (all)	67	−5.1 ± 1.1	−7.2 to −2.9*	177.2	<0.001†	62.8
Age < 40 years	40	−6.2 ± 1.5	−9.1 to −3.2*	95.8	<0.001†	59.3
Age ≥ 40 years	27	−3.7 ± 1.7	−7.0 to −1.0*	80.8	<0.001†	67.8
HDL-C (all)	56	1.3 ± 0.5	0.3 to 2.2*	294.8	<0.001†	81.3
Age < 40 years	30	−0.3 ± 0.7	−1.6 to 1.0	139.1	<0.001†	79.1
Age ≥ 40 years	26	2.6 ± 0.6	1.4 to 3.9*	112.5	<0.001†	77.8
LDL-C (all)	38	−3.1 ± 1.8	−6.6 to 0.3	153.6	<0.001†	75.9
Age < 40 years	20	−3.5 ± 2.8	−9.0 to 2.1	21.3	0.21	20.3
Age ≥ 40 years	18	−2.9 ± 2.3	−7.4 to 1.5	129.2	<0.001†	85.3
TG (all)	51	−12.2 ± 2.1	−16.3 to −8.2*	98.2	<0.001†	49.1
Age < 40 years	29	−9.6 ± 3.0	−15.4 to −3.8*	42.8	0.04†	34.5
Age ≥ 40 years	22	−14.7 ± 2.9	−20.3 to −9.1*	52.0	<0.001†	59.6
Secondary outcomes
Body weight (kg)	43	−1.0 ± 0.2	−1.4 to −0.7*	60.4	0.03†	30.4
BMI (kg/m2)	15	−0.3 ± 0.1	−0.6 to −0.1*	30.2	0.007†	53.6
Body fat (%)	25	−0.9 ± 0.3	−1.4 to −0.4*	110.6	<0.001†	78.3
VO2max(ml·kg−1·min−1)	42	4.6 ± 0.4	3.9 to 5.4*	318.6	<0.001†	87.1

N, total number of groups reporting data in which a treatment effect could be calculated; X̄ ± SEM, mean ± standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; Q, heterogeneity value; p, significance value for Q; I², percentage (%) of inconsistency for study results, calculated from Q statistic; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; BMI, body mass index; VO_2max, maximum oxygen consumption.

^*Significantly different from zero (0).

^†Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.10.