Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Scheme of biphasic ROS signal transduction. High levels of ROS (left side) induce activation of multiple MAP kinases and activate transcription factors including AP-1 and NF-κB; these pathways lead to apoptosis or necrosis. Low doses of ROS (right side) cause cell proliferation, but the signal transduction pathways involved are unknown. Both high and low doses of ROS up-regulate cellular glutathione and activate DNA-binding to the ARE element.
