Table 2. Distribution of women under 25 contributing to Antenatal Surveillance by risk category, with HIV prevalence and crude odds ratios for infection.
| Risk categories | N | % | % HIV+ | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| total women | 2,874 | 100.0 | 8.0 | |||
| age at ANC attendance | ||||||
| <16 | 167 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 0.42 | 0.16-1.06 | |
| 17-18 | 711 | 24.7 | 4.9 | 0.70 | 0.45-1.08 | |
| 19-20 | 812 | 28.2 | 6.9 | 1 | ||
| 21-22 | 645 | 22.4 | 10.4 | 1.56 | 1.08-2.27 | |
| 23-24 | 539 | 18.8 | 12.6 | 1.95 | 1.34-2.83 | |
| area of current residence | ||||||
| rural / truckstop | 462 | 16.1 | 7.8 | 1.44 | 0.91-2.27 | |
| rural mid-district | 774 | 26.9 | 5.6 | 1 | ||
| peri-urban (township vicinity) | 284 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 1.64 | 0.98-2.74 | |
| urban (township) | 416 | 14.5 | 13.2 | 2.59 | 1.70-3.94 | |
| rural north | 653 | 22.7 | 6.9 | 1.26 | 0.82-1.94 | |
| rural hills and national border | 285 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 1.78 | 1.08-2.94 | |
| current marital status | ||||||
| never married | 118 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 1.25 | 0.64-2.43 | |
| first marriage | 2,474 | 86.1 | 6.9 | 1 | ||
| re-married | 218 | 7.6 | 17.4 | 2.84 | 1.94-4.17 | |
| ex-married | 64 | 2.2 | 18.8 | 3.11 | 1.63-5.93 | |
| surveillance period | ||||||
| 1999-2001 | 1,679 | 58.4 | 8.8 | 1 | ||
| 2002-2004 | 1,195 | 41.6 | 6.9 | 0.77 | 0.58-1.02 | |
| birth cohort | ||||||
| 1975-79 | 800 | 27.8 | 11.7 | 1 | ||
| 1980-84 | 1,729 | 60.2 | 7.3 | 0.60 | 0.45-0.79 | |
| 1985-89 | 345 | 12.0 | 2.9 | 0.22 | 0.12-0.44 | |
| current parity | ||||||
| 0 | 1,403 | 48.8 | 7.3 | 1 | ||
| 1 | 948 | 33.0 | 9.4 | 1.31 | 0.97-1.76 | |
| 2 | 437 | 15.2 | 7.6 | 1.03 | 0.69-1.55 | |
| 3+ | 86 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 0.95 | 0.40-2.22 | |
| parity for age classification | ||||||
| normal or high | 2,485 | 86.5 | 7.3 | 1 | ||
| low | 389 | 13.5 | 12.9 | 1.88 | 1.35-2.62 | |
| previous experience of child death | ||||||
| no previous dead children | 2,591 | 90.2 | 7.5 | 1 | ||
| one or more children died | 283 | 9.8 | 12.7 | 1.79 | 1.23-2.62 | |
| age of sexual partner | ||||||
| younger | 36 | 1.3 | 13.9 | 1.69 | 0.96-2.99 | |
| 0-4 years older | 1,184 | 41.2 | 6.3 | 1 | ||
| 5-9 years older | 1,075 | 37.4 | 8.6 | 1.18 | 0.95-1.47 | |
| 10+ years older | 477 | 16.6 | 10.7 | 1.36 | 1.06-1.74 | |
| age not known | 102 | 3.6 | 7.8 | 1.04 | 0.58-1.84 | |
| syphilis serology * | ||||||
| negative | 2,816 | 98.0 | 7.8 | 1 | ||
| positive | 58 | 2.0 | 17.2 | 2.45 | 1.22-4.90 | |
| previous use of contraception | ||||||
| never used | 2,621 | 91.2 | 7.4 | 1 | ||
| used | 253 | 8.8 | 14.2 | 2.06 | 1.41-3.02 | |
| previous residence | ||||||
| Karonga district | 2,589 | 90.1 | 7.1 | 1 | ||
| other part of Malawi | 214 | 7.4 | 15.9 | 2.47 | 1.66-3.67 | |
| foreign country | 71 | 2.5 | 18.3 | 2.93 | 1.58-5.45 | |
| education | ||||||
| none or incomplete primary | 1,669 | 58.1 | 6.7 | 1 | ||
| completed primary | 730 | 25.4 | 8.5 | 1.29 | 0.93-1.78 | |
| some secondary | 475 | 16.5 | 12.0 | 1.90 | 1.35-2.65 | |
*
Rapid Plasma Reagin confirmed by Treponema pallidum Particle Agglutination