Figure 3.

Anti-estrogens do not inhibit TNF-α activation of the TNF-RE, but block E₂ repression of TNF-α activation. U937 cells were transfected with 3 μg of TNF-RE TKLuc and 1 μg of human ERα (A and C) or human ERβ485 (B and D). U937 cells were treated for 24 h with TNF-α (5 ng/ml) in the presence of increasing concentrations of E₂, raloxifene, tamoxifen, or ICI (A and B). In C and D, all cells were treated for 24 h with TNF-α (T) and 1 nM E₂ (T + E2) in the presence of increasing concentrations of raloxifene, ICI, or tamoxifen, except for the control (C) cells.