Table 2.
Genetic models to study NF-κB function in skeletal muscle development and disease
| Mouse models | Reported muscle effect | References |
|---|---|---|
| p55−/−/p75−/− | Abnormal soleus regeneration (excess of inflammation, calcification) | [48, 50] |
| TNFα−/− mice | No difference in muscle regeneration | [55] |
| TNFα−/−/LTα−/− mice | No difference in muscle regeneration | [55] |
| TNFα−/−/mdx | Different effects on diaphragm and quadriceps | [87] |
| TRAF2−/− mice | Born with decreased muscle mass | [63] |
| MISR mice (MCK-DNIκBα SS32/36AA) | Reduced muscle loss under atrophy conditions | [4] |
| MIKK mice (MCK-IKKβ SS177/181EE) | Muscle atrophy | [4] |
| IKK2mko (MCK Cre/IKK2fl/fl) | Shifted muscle fiber distribution, improved muscle force, protection against muscle atrophy, improved regeneration | [5] |
| mIGF1/IKK2mko | Enhanced muscle atrophy protection | [5] |
| MLC Cre/IKK2fl/fl | Promotes regeneration | [83] |
| Mdx/MLC Cre/IKK2fl/fl | Increased muscle progenitor cells during regeneration | [83] |
| Mdx/Lys Cre/IKK2fl/fl | Reduces inflammation in dystrophic muscle | [83] |
| Mdx/p50−/− | No influence in mdx pathology | [83] |
| Mdx/p65+/− mice | Rescues mdx pathology | [83] |
| Bcl3−/− mice | Inhibits muscle atrophy (both fast and slow fibers affected) | [45] |
| p50−/− mice | Inhibits muscle atrophy (only fast fibers affected) | [45] |
| c-Rel−/− mice | No influence during atrophy | [44] |