Raw AFM topograph of a 20S + Rpn2 + Rpn1 mixture in solution. An example of an AFM field (600 × 600 nm) of a 20S + Rpn2 + Rpn1 mixture in solution was collected in the height mode showing randomly oriented particles. The height of each pixel is represented by a color palette, according to the adjacent height bar. A tilted view (side plot) of 200 × 200 nm fragment of the same field is shown (right). Visual inspection of raw fields, using the height scale as a guideline, allows us to distinguish easily between the different complexes. The highest complexes (22 nm), representing 20S–Rpn2-Rpn1, are marked with a red arrow; assembly intermediates representing 20S–Rpn2 are marked with yellow arrows and free 20S CP is marked with green arrows. The low and narrow particles, labeled *, represent an excess of Rpn1 and Rpn2.