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Pathway of ABA biosynthesis from 9-cis-violaxanthin and 9′-cis-neoxanthin. Oxidative cleavage of the C (11, 12) double bonds of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids is the first committed step of ABA biosynthesis. C25-apocarotenoids are byproducts of the cleavage reaction. The numbering system for ABA (9) is different from that in use for carotenoids (10).
