Table 1.
Characteristic | Oportunidades (n = 264) | Control (n = 59) | P Valuea |
---|---|---|---|
Some indigenous population in the community, % | 33.48 | 28.86 | .65 |
At least some part of the village supplied with electricity, % | 74.12 | 68.86 | .78 |
At least one private or public telephone in 2003, % | 81.38 | 72.53 | .10 |
At least one preschool before 1998, % | 88.90 | 80.10 | .07 |
At least one primary school before 1998, % | 90.36 | 92.49 | .66 |
At least one health center before 1998, % | 33.81 | 37.72 | .91 |
Had local shop in 2003, % | 24.76 | 24.83 | .83 |
Had home-based shop in 2003, % | 60.50 | 61.97 | .95 |
Community received desayuno school food program in 2003, % | 72.46 | 77.54 | .35 |
Community received despensas, food stamp assistance in 2003, % | 41.64 | 59.42 | .02 |
Mean distance to distance learning center, km (SD) | 2.8 (3.6) | 3.0 (3.0) | .65 |
Distance learning center in community, % | 24.00 | 17.73 | .19 |
Mean seasonal rent, pesos (SD) | 96.52 (218.93) | 94.26 (208.77) | .94 |
Mean cost to rent irrigation equipment, pesos (SD) | 51.17 (253.04) | 48.61 (220.71) | .94 |
Mean wage, pesos (SD)b | |||
Male agricultural worker | 880.31 (595.78) | 1099.25 (888.17) | .07 |
Female agricultural worker | 345.15 (418.55) | 561.30 (521.87) | .003 |
Child agricultural worker | 203.04 (302.80) | 232.65 (340.18) | .53 |
Male nonagricultural worker | 393.47 (1188.64) | 710.66 (1620.87) | .15 |
Female nonagricultural worker | 161.52 (1055.52) | 204.67 (461.82) | .63 |
Male employed worker | 312.81 (1581.80) | 201.02 (472.16) | .33 |
Female employed worker | 175.93 (1047.41) | 379.74 (1839.89) | .41 |
Differences between groups assessed by using tests of means or tests of proportions, adjusted for clustering at the community level.
All wages are monthly and from 2003, deflated to 1997 levels. US$1 = approximately 10 Mexican pesos. "Nonagricultural workers" are informally employed and paid, whereas "employed workers" are formally employed and salary-based.