Table 2.
Baseline Individual and Household Characteristics of Rural, Low-Income Oportunidades Participants (1997/1998) and Controls (2003), Mexico
| Characteristic | Oportunidades Households (n = 5280) | Control Households (n = 1063) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual characteristics | |||
| Mean age, y, in 2003 (SD) | 41.87 (8.88) | 41.75 (9.01) | .76 |
| Female, % | 68.04 | 71.02 | .42 |
| No primary education, % | 25.20 | 22.69 | .82 |
| Married, % | 69.77 | 74.60 | .20 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 152.00 (8.59) | 151.93 (8.25) | .91 |
| HOH characteristics | |||
| Speaks indigenous language, % | 41.23 | 30.28 | .34 |
| Education, y, mean (SD) | 3.47 (2.86) | 3.47 (2.85) | .97 |
| Spouse education, y, mean (SD) | 3.26 (2.72) | 3.31 (2.77) | .85 |
| Household characteristics | |||
| No. of people in household, mean (SD) | 6.35 (2.05) | 6.08 (2.27) | .17 |
| No. of children aged <5 y, mean (SD) | 1.19 (0.97) | 1.29 (1.08) | .25 |
| No. of working members of household, mean (SD) | 1.63 (1.02) | 1.75 (1.22) | .14 |
| No. of disabled members of household, mean (SD) | 0.04 (0.18) | 0.05 (0.20) | .47 |
| No. of people aged >55 years, mean (SD) | 0.30 (0.55) | 0.27 (0.57) | .31 |
| Crowding, no. of people/room, mean (SD) | 4.31 (2.09) | 4.40 (2.13) | .60 |
| Housing and assets | |||
| Land owned, hectares, mean (SD) | 2.16 (2.99) | 2.49 (5.05) | .67 |
| Farm animals owned (1 = cow-equivalent), mean (SD) | 0.39 (1.16) | 0.23 (0.77) | .002 |
| Other animals owned (1 = cow-equivalent), mean (SD) | 1.43 (2.80) | 1.00 (3.36) | .01 |
| Have dirt floor, % | 63.87 | 71.48 | <.001 |
| Have bathroom, % | 61.18 | 57.19 | <.001 |
| Have electricity, % | 77.20 | 77.52 | .96 |
| No. of large assets, mean (SD)b | 0.97 (0.99) | 0.63 (0.89) | .002 |
| No. of small assets, mean (SD)c | 1.17 (0.90) | 0.83 (0.90) | <.001 |
| Own vehicle, % | 5.47 | 2.05 | <.001 |
| No. of rooms in household, mean (SD) | 1.80 (0.99) | 1.67 (1.15) | .06 |
| Roof is concrete or other durable material, % | 13.18 | 14.70 | .76 |
| Walls are concrete or other durable material, % | 49.01 | 57.67 | .34 |
HOH indicates head of household; if the HOH was not available, the spouse of the HOH was interviewed.
a
Differences between groups assessed by using tests of means or tests of proportions, adjusted for clustering at the community level.
b
Such as television, washer, gas heater, and refrigerator.
c
Such as blender, electric kettle, radio, stereo, video cassette recorder, and fan.