Modeling experimental Do/D by a 3D model with modified lakes. (A) Schematic of three-dimensional brain ECS model with modified lakes, showing (left) cell arrangement, and (right) ECS geometry. Lake dimensions were modified such that the gap width spacing (wc) could be independently specified. In addition, gap size in each direction could be independently specified to introduce gap heterogeneity. (B) Do/D as a function of wc for the three-dimensional model (open circles) and the 2D model (closed circles) with the same cross sections as the 3D model. Parameters: α ∼ 21.5%, gc = 80 nm, dcell = 10 μm. (For the 2D model α was 15.4–20.6%.) The experimental target line (dashed), Do/D = 1.7, is shown.