Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showing associations of NAFLD and other factors with incident CKD among adults with type 2 diabetesa
| Parameter | Univariate | Multivariate
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| NAFLD (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.69 (1.30 to 2.60) | 1.60 (1.20 to 2.50) | 1.49 (1.10 to 2.20) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Age (per year) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.11) | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.12) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Gender (male versus female) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.31 (1.30 to 2.20) | 1.30 (1.20 to 2.10) | 1.13 (0.90 to 1.80) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.200 |
| Smoking (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.36 (1.20 to 1.90) | 1.34 (1.20 to 1.90) | 1.30 (1.00 to 1.70) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.050 |
| BMI (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.15 (0.90 to 1.30) | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.30) | 1.10 (0.90 to 1.20) |
| P | 0.300 | 0.500 | 0.600 |
| SBP (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.80 (1.30 to 2.70) | 1.78 (1.30 to 2.70) | 1.75 (1.10 to 2.60) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| LDL cholesterol (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.40) | 1.10 (0.80 to 1.40) | 1.10 (0.80 to 1.30) |
| P | 0.600 | 0.600 | 0.300 |
| Triglycerides (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.38 (1.10 to 1.80) | 1.29 (1.00 to 1.50) | 1.08 (0.70 to 1.40) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.300 |
| HbA1c (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.42 (1.20 to 3.00) | 1.40 (1.10 to 2.90) | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.90) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.050 |
| Diabetes duration (per year) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.19 (1.20 to 2.40) | 1.18 (1.20 to 2.40) | 1.20 (1.20 to 2.60) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.88 (1.40 to 2.90) | 1.86 (1.40 to 2.90) | 1.73 (1.10 to 2.60) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| eGFR (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 0.67 (0.50 to 0.90) | 0.69 (0.50 to 0.90) | 0.72 (0.50 to 0.90) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| ALT (per unit) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.34 (1.10 to 2.10) | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.80) | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.40) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.500 |
| Insulin treatment (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.59 (1.20 to 2.60) | 1.52 (1.20 to 2.50) | 1.22 (0.90 to 2.00) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.400 | 0.200 |
| Antihypertensive treatment (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.99 (1.40 to 2.90) | 1.97 (1.40 to 2.90) | 1.95 (1.40 to 2.80) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.12 (0.80 to 1.80) | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.70) | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.40) |
| P | 0.500 | 0.600 | 0.800 |
| Antiplatelet treatment (yes versus no) | |||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.18 (0.90 to 1.60) | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.60) | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.30) |
| P | 0.300 | 0.500 | 0.800 |
a
Data are HR (95% CI) by Cox regression analysis. Multivariate model 1: Adjusted for age and gender. Multivariate model 2: Further adjusted for BMI, waist circumference, SBP, diabetes duration, HbA1c, baseline eGFR, microalbuminuria, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking history, and current use of medications (hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, or antiplatelet drugs).