FIGURE 5.

ApoL1 induces accumulation of AV and autophagic cell death, which can be inhibited by 3-MA and wortmannin. A, effect of 3-MA (5 mm) and wortmannin (1 μg/ml) on apoL1-induced cell death was observed by light microscopy analysis. 3-MA and wortmannin were added to noninduction medium 8 h prior to the induction of apoL1. Panel a, DLD-1.apoL1 cells in noninduction (regular) medium; panel b, in induction medium; panel c, in induction medium + 3-MA; and panel d, in induction medium + wortmannin. Obviously, 3-MA and wortmannin partially blunt apoL1-induced cell death in DLD-1.apoL1 cells by 55 and 40%, respectively. All the images were taken by the same inverted microscope (Olympus, CK40) with a MacroFire digital camera (OPTRONIC, model S99831). B, electron microscopy analysis of autophagic DLD-1.apoL1 cells. Panel a, control DLD-1.apoL1 cells; panels b and c, autophagic DLD-1.apoL1 cells under two different magnifications; panels d–f, magnified views of vacuoles in the cell shown in panel c. Panel d, an enlarged empty vacuole; panel e, a double-membraned structure presumably an autophagosome; panel f, an AV, presumably an autolysosome, engulfing an electron-dense body. Scale bars are as indicated. Data are representative of four experiments. Each experiment was repeated at least three times.