Table 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Associations between Menopausal Status, Other Study Variables, and Sleep Quality Factor Scores
| Variable | Unadjusted Sleep Quality Factor Scores (SE)b | P value | Adjusted Sleep Quality Factor Scores (SE)c | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menopausal Status | 0.27 | 0.12 | ||
| Premenopausal | −0.05 (0.14) | — | -0.22 (0.14) | — |
| Late Premenopausal | 0.27 (0.24) | 0.17 | 0.17 (0.25) | 0.10 |
| Early Transition | 0.26 (0.21) | 0.12 | 0.17 (0.22) | 0.07 |
| Late Transition | 0.06 (0.33) | 0.75 | 0.17 (0.33) | 0.25 |
| Postmenopausal | 0.69 (0.49) | 0.13 | 0.66 (0.45) | 0.06 |
| Race | 0.23 | 0.56 | ||
| African American | −0.10 (0.20) | 0.26 (0.20) | ||
| Caucasian | 0.23 (0.18) | — | 0.12 (0.21) | — |
| Hot flashes | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | ||
| Yes | −0.50 (0.19) | −0.20 (0.21) | ||
| No | 0.45 (0.14) | 0.58 (0.17) | — | |
| Baseline Age | 0.15 | 0.35 | ||
| 35–39 | −0.21 (0.23) | — | 0.14 (0.23) | — |
| 40–44 | 0.35 (0.20) | 0.06 | 0.43 (0.21) | 0.29 |
| 45–49 | −0.04 (0.31) | 0.65 | 0.00 (0.28) | 0.67 |
| Employment | 0.06 | |||
| Unemployed | −0.50 (0.34) | |||
| Employed | 0.20 (0.14) | |||
| Caffeine Use | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.15 | ||
| Current Smoking | 0.03a | |||
| Smoking | −0.27 (0.22) | |||
| Not smoking | 0.25 (0.15) | |||
| Zung Anxiety Scale | −0.17 (0.01) | <0.0001a | ||
| CES-D Scale | −0.12 (0.01) | <0.0001a | −0.12 (0.01) | <0.0001a |
| PSS | −0.10 (0.01) | <0.0001a | ||
| PMS | <0.0001a | |||
| Yes | −0.94 (0.28) | |||
| No | 0.25 (0.14) | |||
| Hormones | ||||
| Estradiol, pg/mL | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.79 | ||
| Testosterone, ng/dL | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.50 | ||
| FSH, mIU/mL | −0.02 (0.13) | 0.89 | ||
| Inhibin B, pg/mL | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.48 | 0.21 (0.11) | 0.05a |
| Time | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.53 |
P value ≤ 0.05. P values are from linear regression models for repeated measures, with variance parameters adjusted for correlation within subjects over time using generalized estimating equation sandwich variance estimates. Pairwise comparisons for subgroups are reported for menopausal status (compared to premenopausal women) and baseline age (compared to 35–39 years of age).
For continuous variables (caffeine use; Zung, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores; hormone levels; and time), regression coefficients (SE) are given rather than mean values. Additional variables examined were number of living children, marital status, body mass index, alcohol intake, educational level, and levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and luteinizing hormone (all P values ≥ 0.20 in unadjusted analyses).
N = 2619 observations used for this analysis. Variables included in the fully adjusted model were menopausal status, race, hot flashes, baseline age, and inhibin B levels.