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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 22;102(1):58–63. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.094

Table 3.

Adjusted risk of coronary heart disease associated with retinal signs for men and women without diabetes mellitus

Model 1* Model 2†
Retinal sign Gender Events/n Hazard ratio 95% Confidence interval Hazard ratio 95% Confidence Interval
Retinopathy‡ Men Present 16/130 1.08 0.66, 1.79 1.02 0.62, 1.69
Absent 406/3340
Women Present 8/151 1.29 0.64, 2.62 1.09 0.53, 2.22
Absent 203/4763
Focal narrowing Men Present 89/546 1.47 1.17, 1.86 1.18 0.93, 1.50
Absent 352/3087
Women Present 29/742 0.92 0.62, 1.36 0.73 0.49, 1.08
Absent 183/4358
Arterio-venous nicking Men Present 76/519 1.28 1.00, 1.64 1.16 0.91, 1.49
Absent 374/3184
Women Present 35/668 1.29 0.90, 1.85 1.08 0.75, 1.56
Absent 189/4521
*

Model 1. adjusted for center, race and retinal venular caliber for models for arteriolar caliber (and vice versa)

†

Model 2. adjusted for center, race and Framingham variables (age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, smoking status and HDL) and retinal venular caliber for models for arteriolar caliber (and vice versa)

‡

Includes microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages or soft exudates