Table 4 Types and proportions of match stoppages because of musculoskeletal stress.

Mechanism of match stoppage	Percentage of matches ±95% CI (n = 642 matches)
Elbow lock*	9.3±2.2
Ankle lock*	2.0±1.0
Shoulder lock*	1.7±1.0
Knee lock*	0.9±0.7
Neck crank†	0.6±0.6

Less than 2% of match stoppages were because of soft tissue trauma and unobserved joint injuries—that is, competitor apparently disabled, but mechanism not captured on video.

*Hypermobilisation of joint through forceful distraction, hyperextension, and/or rotational manipulation.

†Forceful manipulation of opponent's head on neck.

CI, Confidence interval.