Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1990 Mar;64(3):1086–1092. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.3.1086-1092.1990

Simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys display unusual genetic diversity.

P R Johnson 1, A Fomsgaard 1, J Allan 1, M Gravell 1, W T London 1, R A Olmsted 1, V M Hirsch 1
PMCID: PMC249221  PMID: 2304139

Abstract

African green monkeys are asymptomatic carriers of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), commonly called SIVagm. As many as 50% of African green monkeys in the wild may be SIV seropositive. This high seroprevalence rate and the potential for genetic variation of lentiviruses suggested to us that African green monkeys may harbor widely differing genotypes of SIVagm. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined the entire nucleotide sequence of an infectious proviral molecular clone of SIVagm (155-4) and partial sequences (long terminal repeat and Gag) of three other distinct SIVagm isolates (90, gri-1, and ver-1). Comparisons among the SIVagm isolates revealed extreme diversity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Long terminal repeat nucleotide sequences varied up to 35% and Gag protein sequences varied up to 30%. The variability among SIVagm isolates exceeded the variability among any other group of primate lentiviruses. Our data suggest that SIVagm has been in the African green monkey population for a long time and may be the oldest primate lentivirus group in existence.

Full text

PDF
1088

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Chakrabarti L., Guyader M., Alizon M., Daniel M. D., Desrosiers R. C., Tiollais P., Sonigo P. Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaque and its relationship to other human and simian retroviruses. Nature. 1987 Aug 6;328(6130):543–547. doi: 10.1038/328543a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Daniel M. D., Letvin N. L., King N. W., Kannagi M., Sehgal P. K., Hunt R. D., Kanki P. J., Essex M., Desrosiers R. C. Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques. Science. 1985 Jun 7;228(4704):1201–1204. doi: 10.1126/science.3159089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Daniel M. D., Li Y., Naidu Y. M., Durda P. J., Schmidt D. K., Troup C. D., Silva D. P., MacKey J. J., Kestler H. W., 3rd, Sehgal P. K. Simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4123–4128. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4123-4128.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Doolittle R. F., Feng D. F., Johnson M. S., McClure M. A. Origins and evolutionary relationships of retroviruses. Q Rev Biol. 1989 Mar;64(1):1–30. doi: 10.1086/416128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Doolittle R. F. Immunodeficiency viruses: the simian-human connection. Nature. 1989 Jun 1;339(6223):338–339. doi: 10.1038/339338a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Franchini G., Gurgo C., Guo H. G., Gallo R. C., Collalti E., Fargnoli K. A., Hall L. F., Wong-Staal F., Reitz M. S., Jr Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature. 1987 Aug 6;328(6130):539–543. doi: 10.1038/328539a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fukasawa M., Miura T., Hasegawa A., Morikawa S., Tsujimoto H., Miki K., Kitamura T., Hayami M. Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey, a new member of the HIV/SIV group. Nature. 1988 Jun 2;333(6172):457–461. doi: 10.1038/333457a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fultz P. N., McClure H. M., Anderson D. C., Swenson R. B., Anand R., Srinivasan A. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from naturally infected sooty mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus atys). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5286–5290. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gravell M., London W. T., Hamilton R. S., Stone G., Monzon M. Infection of macaque monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: virulence and activation of latent infection. J Med Primatol. 1989;18(3-4):247–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Guyader M., Emerman M., Sonigo P., Clavel F., Montagnier L., Alizon M. Genome organization and transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Nature. 1987 Apr 16;326(6114):662–669. doi: 10.1038/326662a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hendry R. M., Wells M. A., Phelan M. A., Schneider A. L., Epstein J. S., Quinnan G. V. Antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus in African green monkeys in Africa in 1957-62. Lancet. 1986 Aug 23;2(8504):455–455. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92156-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hirsch V. M., Olmsted R. A., Murphey-Corb M., Purcell R. H., Johnson P. R. An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2. Nature. 1989 Jun 1;339(6223):389–392. doi: 10.1038/339389a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Johnson P. R., Gravell M., Allan J., Goldstein S., Olmsted R. A., Dapolito G., McGann C., London W. T., Purcell R. H., Hirsch V. M. Genetic diversity among simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from African green monkeys. J Med Primatol. 1989;18(3-4):271–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kanki P. J., Alroy J., Essex M. Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to HTLV-III/LAV from wild-caught African green monkeys. Science. 1985 Nov 22;230(4728):951–954. doi: 10.1126/science.2997923. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kanki P. J., Kurth R., Becker W., Dreesman G., McLane M. F., Essex M. Antibodies to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in African green monkeys and recognition of STLV-III viral proteins by AIDS and related sera. Lancet. 1985 Jun 8;1(8441):1330–1332. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92818-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kocher T. D., Thomas W. K., Meyer A., Edwards S. V., Päbo S., Villablanca F. X., Wilson A. C. Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6196–6200. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.16.6196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kraus G., Werner A., Baier M., Binniger D., Ferdinand F. J., Norley S., Kurth R. Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus-related simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2892–2896. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2892. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Letvin N. L., Daniel M. D., Sehgal P. K., Desrosiers R. C., Hunt R. D., Waldron L. M., MacKey J. J., Schmidt D. K., Chalifoux L. V., King N. W. Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III. Science. 1985 Oct 4;230(4721):71–73. doi: 10.1126/science.2412295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Li Y., Naidu Y. M., Daniel M. D., Desrosiers R. C. Extensive genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. J Virol. 1989 Apr;63(4):1800–1802. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1800-1802.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lowenstine L. J., Pedersen N. C., Higgins J., Pallis K. C., Uyeda A., Marx P., Lerche N. W., Munn R. J., Gardner M. B. Seroepidemiologic survey of captive Old-World primates for antibodies to human and simian retroviruses, and isolation of a lentivirus from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). Int J Cancer. 1986 Oct 15;38(4):563–574. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910380417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Malim M. H., Böhnlein S., Hauber J., Cullen B. R. Functional dissection of the HIV-1 Rev trans-activator--derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of Rev function. Cell. 1989 Jul 14;58(1):205–214. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90416-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mullis K. B., Faloona F. A. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol. 1987;155:335–350. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)55023-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Murphey-Corb M., Martin L. N., Rangan S. R., Baskin G. B., Gormus B. J., Wolf R. H., Andes W. A., West M., Montelaro R. C. Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys. Nature. 1986 May 22;321(6068):435–437. doi: 10.1038/321435a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ohta Y., Masuda T., Tsujimoto H., Ishikawa K., Kodama T., Morikawa S., Nakai M., Honjo S., Hayami M. Isolation of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys and seroepidemiologic survey of the virus in various non-human primates. Int J Cancer. 1988 Jan 15;41(1):115–122. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910410121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Preston B. D., Poiesz B. J., Loeb L. A. Fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science. 1988 Nov 25;242(4882):1168–1171. doi: 10.1126/science.2460924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Roberts J. D., Bebenek K., Kunkel T. A. The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1. Science. 1988 Nov 25;242(4882):1171–1173. doi: 10.1126/science.2460925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Sharp P. M., Li W. H. Understanding the origins of AIDS viruses. Nature. 1988 Nov 24;336(6197):315–315. doi: 10.1038/336315a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Smith T. F., Srinivasan A., Schochetman G., Marcus M., Myers G. The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses. Nature. 1988 Jun 9;333(6173):573–575. doi: 10.1038/333573a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Steinhauer D. A., Holland J. J. Rapid evolution of RNA viruses. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1987;41:409–433. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Tsujimoto H., Cooper R. W., Kodama T., Fukasawa M., Miura T., Ohta Y., Ishikawa K., Nakai M., Frost E., Roelants G. E. Isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills in Africa and its relationship to other human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4044–4050. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4044-4050.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Wilbur W. J., Lipman D. J. Rapid similarity searches of nucleic acid and protein data banks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):726–730. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Yokoyama S., Chung L., Gojobori T. Molecular evolution of the human immunodeficiency and related viruses. Mol Biol Evol. 1988 May;5(3):237–251. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES