Table 1.
Brain areas showing differences between people who stutter and controls in activity during speech across the three feedback conditions
| Brain area | X | Y | Z | z-statistic+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls greater than PWS | ||||
| Left ventral premotor cortex | -54 | 2 | 24 | 4.14 |
| Right ventral premotor cortex / central (Rolandic) operculum | 66 | 2 | 16 | 4.66 |
| Left sensorimotor cortex (face area)* | -48 | -16 | 46 | 4.20 |
| Right sensorimotor cortex (face area)* | 44 | -10 | 44 | 5.98 |
| Left anteromedial Heschl’s gyrus | -48 | -10 | 6 | 4.08 |
| PWS greater activity than controls | ||||
| Left cingulate sulcus | -10 | 28 | 26 | 3.68 |
| Right anterior insula (dorsal) / putamen* | 30 | 16 | 10 | 4.47 |
| Left anterior insula (dorsal)* | -34 | 12 | 14 | 4.23 |
| Right anterior insula (ventral) | 32 | 14 | -14 | 4.23 |
| Left midbrain (see text for details)* | -8 | -20 | -10 | 5.33 |
| Right midbrain (see text for details)* | 6 | -18 | -12 | 5.36 |
| Left posterior lobe of cerebellum* | -6 | -68 | -48 | 3.97 |
| Right posterior lobe of cerebellum* | 8 | -68 | -48 | 4.49 |
*
Regions showing symmetrical bilateral differences in activity
+
Z-statistic for the F-test carried out across 3 conditions of feedback (Z>3.78 is significant at p<0.05, corrected)