Fig. 1.
Pharmacological stimulation of sound production in restrained female grasshoppers. a Sound generating movements of the right (rHL) and left (lHL) hind leg stimulated by a single injection of aminoguanidine (AG; 1–3 nl; 10−3 M) into the central body. Numbers at the beginning of each song sequence indicate time after stimulus application. b Enlarged presentation of the song sequence starting at 29.1 s after aminoguanidine injection shows the typical pattern of hind leg movement in Ch. biguttulus females. c Comparison of duration and latency of sound production stimulated by single injections of muscarine and aminoguanidine (both 1–3 nl; 10−3 M) into the same site within the central body of 11 female grasshoppers. While both drugs stimulated sound production of similar duration, aminoguanidine elicited the behavior at shorter latencies than did muscarine (Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test). d, e Reversible inhibition of muscarine-stimulated sound production by single injections of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10−3 M) into the central body. d Single experiment. e Analysis of eight experiments with the non-parametric Friedman test for multiple dependent values followed by the Wilcoxon–Wilcox test to identify the significantly different data sets