Table 2.
Selected characteristics of Hispanic and Chinese participants according to acculturation score strata, MESA, 2000–2002
| Acculturation score group (0–5 score, 5 = most acculturated)
|
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mexican
|
Non-Mexican Hispanic
|
Chinese
|
||||||||||||
| 0–1 (least) | 2 | 3–4 | 5 (most) | P value* | 0–1 (least) | 2 | 3–5 (most) | P value* | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3–5 | P value* | |
| n | 99 | 175 | 157 | 277 | 112 | 271 | 164 | 142 | 232 | 271 | 92 | |||
| Age (years) | 59.2 ± 10.5 | 61.6 ± 10.1 | 63.4 ± 11.3 | 61.3 ± 9.8 | 0.140 | 58.7 ± 10.6 | 63.2 ± 10.0 | 60.4 ± 10.9 | 0.927 | 63.3 ± 10.4 | 63.3 ± 11.0 | 62.7 ± 9.7 | 60.7 ± 9.5 | 0.018 |
| Women (%) | 53.5 | 58.9 | 48.4 | 43.3 | 0.007 | 59.8 | 52.8 | 51.2 | 0.148 | 54.2 | 54.7 | 53.5 | 43.5 | 0.176 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||
| <High school | 82.8 | 80.0 | 40.1 | 15.9 | 50.0 | 52.8 | 17.7 | 23.9 | 25.9 | 32.8 | 5.4 | |||
| High school | 7.1 | 12.6 | 19.1 | 29.6 | <0.001 | 12.5 | 23.6 | 26.2 | <0.001 | 17.6 | 19.8 | 17.7 | 7.6 | <0.001 |
| >High school | 10.1 | 7.4 | 40.8 | 54.5 | 37.5 | 23.6 | 58.1 | 58.5 | 54.3 | 49.4 | 87.0 | |||
| Income (%) | ||||||||||||||
| <$20,000 | 46.5 | 52.0 | 29.3 | 22.0 | 41.1 | 50.9 | 25.0 | 62.0 | 52.6 | 35.1 | 10.9 | |||
| $20,000≤$50,000 | 35.3 | 42.3 | 47.1 | 45.9 | <0.001 | 42.0 | 38.7 | 43.9 | <0.001 | 25.3 | 31.0 | 33.6 | 21.7 | <0.001 |
| >$50,000 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 21.7 | 30.7 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 31.1 | 12.7 | 16.4 | 30.2 | 66.3 | |||
| Unknown | 13.1 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | |||
| Place for medical care (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Doctor's office | 53.6 | 76.0 | 88.5 | 91.7 | 71.4 | 90.8 | 95.1 | 88.0 | 94.4 | 95.6 | 95.6 | |||
| Hospital/emergency room | 32.3 | 18.9 | 3.2 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 21.4 | 4.8 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.004 |
| Other | 14.1 | 5.1 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 11.3 | ||||||
| Health insurance (%) | 38.4 | 67.4 | 92.4 | 95.3 | <0.001 | 63.4 | 87.4 | 94.5 | <0.001 | 52.1 | 81.0 | 91.5 | 96.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 21.2 | 23.4 | 21.0 | 19.5 | 0.484 | 7.1 | 16.2 | 14.0 | 0.072 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 8.7 | 0.873 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 ± 4.1 | 30.0 ± 5.2 | 29.7 ± 5.4 | 30.3 ± 5.2 | 0.019 | 28.5 ± 3.6 | 28.7 ± 4.8 | 29.3 ± 5.2 | 0.053 | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 23.7 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | 748.8 ± 1,661 | 502.9 ± 977 | 1,311.8 ± 1,850 | 2,126.3 ± 2,859 | <0.001 | 925.7 ± 1,470 | 1,076.9 ± 1,393 | 2,048.9 ± 2,654 | <0.001 | 1,110.4 ± 1,301 | 1,065.2 ± 1,368 | 1,178.6 ± 1,621 | 1,517.7 ± 1,964 | 0.038 |
| MET-min/week† | ||||||||||||||
| Total dietary calories (kcal) | 2,115.5 ± 809 | 2,028.4 ± 886 | 1,877.8 ± 1,091 | 1,763.0 ± 957 | <0.001 | 1,698.4 ± 825 | 1,531.7 ± 785 | 1,763.8 ± 978 | 0.389 | 1,274.8 ± 564 | 1,255.3 ± 465 | 1,306.7 ± 563 | 1,604.6 ± 783 | <0.001 |
| Fat (% kcal) | 38.3 ± 5.9 | 36.7 ± 5.9 | 35.8 ± 6.3 | 36.7 ± 6.9 | 0.099 | 33.5 ± 5.8 | 33.0 ± 6.5 | 34.3 ± 7.1 | 0.201 | 37.5 ± 6.4 | 36.2 ± 6.8 | 36.3 ± 6.7 | 34.0 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/1,000 cal) | 12.1 ± 3.3 | 12.3 ± 3.3 | 11.8 ± 3.6 | 10.8 ± 4.1 | <0.001 | 11.8 ± 3.9 | 11.7 ± 4.7 | 10.6 ± 4.2 | 0.008 | 11.4 ± 2.8 | 11.8 ± 3.3 | 12.0 ± 3.4 | 11.3 ± 4.3 | 0.921 |
| Carbohydrates (% kcal) | 48.1 ± 6.3 | 49.5 ± 6.8 | 49.6 ± 7.7 | 47.7 ± 8.1 | 0.204 | 52.1 ± 6.7 | 52.8 ± 8.2 | 50.4 ± 9.1 | 0.041 | 47.0 ± 7.0 | 48.1 ± 8.2 | 48.7 ± 7.6 | 50.4 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*
P value for linear trend across the acculturation strata was tested by using linear regression (continuous variables) or a Cochran-Armitage trend test (dichotomous variables). P value for categorical variables was derived from a χ2 test.
†
Total intentional exercise included moderate walking exercise, dance, and vigorous sports.