Table 1.
Associations between objectively measured physical activity and clustered metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents
| Reference | Objective of Study | Participants' Characteristics | Measure of Physical Activity | Measure of Clustered Metabolic Risk | Confounders Adjusted for | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersen et al. (4) (2006) | To examine the associations between PA and metabolic risk | n (male/female): 817/915 Age: 9 and 15 yr Population Danish, Portuguese, and Estonian | Accelerometer (hip mounted, uniaxial) >3 days; TPA (average intensity, counts/min), and number of 5- and 10- min activity bouts >2,000 counts/min) | SBP, TG, TC:HDL-C, HOMA, sum of 4 skinfolds, CRF (maximal bike test) Dichotomized summary score zMS (>1 SD) | Age, sex, country | Odds ratios for having clustered risk for ascending quintiles of TPA were 3.29 (95% CI 1.96–5.52), 3.13 (95% CI 1.87 to 5.25), 2.51 (95% CI 1.47–4.26), and 2.03 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.50), respectively, compared with the most active quintile Similar odds ratios for quintiles of number of activity bouts |
| Brage et al. (12) (2004) | To examine the associations between PA and metabolic risk | n (male/female): 279/310 Age: 9 and 15 yr Population: Danish | Accelerometer (hip mounted, uniaxial) >3 days; TPA (average intensity, counts/min), normalizes by square root | BP, sum of 4 skinfolds, insulin, GLU, TG, and HDL-C zMS, non-Ob zMS | Age, sex, sexual maturation, ethnicity, parental smoking, SES, accelerometer unit, (+adiposity when outcome non-Ob zMS) |
TPA inversely related to zMS; −0.020 (95% CI −0.035 to −0.006), P = 0.008, and non-Ob zMS; −0.025 (95% CI −0.043 to −0.008), P = 0.005 |
| As above plus CRF | No significant association for zMS; −0.012 (95% CI −0.027 to 0.004), P = 0.127, inverse association for non-Ob zMS −0.020 (95% CI −0.039 to −0.00), P = 0.045 | |||||
| Butte et al. (14) (2007) | To examine the associations between PA and metabolic risk | n (male/female): 441/456 Age: 4–19 yr Population: Hispanic | Accelerometer (wrist-worn, uniaxial) >3 days; TPA (counts/day) and bouts of 5 and 10 min MVPA | WC, HDL-C, TG, BP, GLU Number of components of the MS (0–5) | Sex, age, BMI | Ordinal odds ratio 0.98 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99), P = 0.03 for TPA and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.99), P = 0.02 for 5-min bouts MVPA |
| Ekelund et al. (30) (2006) | To examine associations between PA, television viewing, and metabolic risk | n (male/female): 911/1010 Age: 9 and 15 yr Population: Danish, Portuguese, and Estonian | PA: Accelerometer (hip-mounted, uniaxial) >3 days; TPA (average intensity, counts/min) Sedentarism: time spent television viewing (hours/day) | BMI, sum of skin-folds, BP, GLU, HDL-C, TG, insulin zMS, non-Ob zMS | Sex, age group, study location, birth weight, maturity, smoking, parental SES, CRF (+adiposity when outcome non-Ob zMS) | Inverse association between TPA and zMS; −0.08 (95% CI −0.11 to −0.05), P < 0.001 and non-Ob zMS −0.9 (95% CI −0.23 to −0.06) P < 0.001 Associations between television viewing and zMS; 0.026 (95% CI −0.0003 to 0.052), P = 0.053, and non-Ob zMS; 0.01 (95% CI −0.017 to 0.038), P = 0.46 |
| Ekelund et al. (28) (2007) | To examine associations between PA with metabolic risk | n (male/female): 838/908 Age: 9 and 15 yr Population: Danish, Portuguese, and Estonian | Accelerometer (hip-mounted, uniaxial) ≥3 days; TPA (average intensity, counts/min); Time spent Sedentary, LPA, MPA, and VPA (min/day) | WC, BP, GLU, insulin; HDL-C, TG zMS zMS non-Ob | Sex, age, study location, birth weight, sexual maturity, smoking, maternal BMI, parental SES, and CRF (+adiposity when non-Ob zMS outcome) | Significant associations for ZMS and; TPA −0.08 (95% CI −0.12 to −0.06), P < 0.001, Sedentary 0.05 (95% CI 0.03–0.08), P < 0.001; LPA −0.03 (95% CI −0.06 to −0.005), P < 0.001; VPA −0.05 (95% CI −0.07 to −0.02), P < 0.001. Significant associations for non-Ob zMS and TPA −.008 (95% CI −0.11 to −0.06), P < 0.01; Sedentary 0.08 (95% CI 0.05–0.1), P < 0.001; LPA −0.06 (95% CI −0.08 to −0.03), P < 0.001; MPA −0.07 (95% CI −0.10 to −0.05), P < 0.001; VPA −0.06 (95% CI −0.08 to −0.03), P < 0.001 |
| Rizzo et al. (61) (2007) | To examine the associations of PA and metabolic risk | n (male/female) = 264/265 Age: 9 and 15 yr Population: Swedish | Accelerometer (hip mounted, uniaxial) ≥3 days; TPA (average intensity, counts/min), Time spent MPA, VPA, and MVPA (min/day) | Insulin, GLU, TG, TC, HDL-C, BP, sum of skinfolds zMS, non-Ob zMS | Pubertal status, body height, SES, and parental smoking Age and sex stratified |
TPA inversely associated with zMS and non-Ob zMS in 15- yr-old girls; −0.214 (p = 0.018) and −0.207 (p = 0.018), respectively. No significant associations between TPA and zMS or non-Ob zMS for all other age-sex groups. MPA, VPA, and MVPA all associated with non-Ob zMS in 15-yr-old adolescents only (results for zMS not reported). |
| As above plus CRF | TPA not associated with zMS or non-Ob zMS in any group; MPA, VPA, and MVPA not associated with non-Ob zMS (results for zMS not reported). |
BMI, body mass index; BF, body fat; BP, blood pressure; BW, body weight; CRF, cardioreparatory fitness; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; GLU, glucose, LPA, light physical activity; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PWC, physical work capacity; MPA, Moderate vigorous activity; MS, Metabolic Syndrome; MVPA, moderate plus vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SES, socioeconomic status; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; TPA, total physical activity (average intensity, volume); VPA, vigorous physical activity; WC, waist circumference; zMS, standardized clustered metabolic risk score (higher zMS represents a less favorable metabolic profile); non-Ob zMS, standardized clustered metabolic risk score excluding adiposity.