Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Controls
(n=9035) |
Silver Sneakers participants
(n=4766) |
Total included
(n=13,801) |
Excluded
(n=15,845) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 72 ± 5 | 73 ± 5 | 72 ± 5 | 73 ± 6** |
| Gender (% female) | 5987 (66) | 3012 (63)* | 8999 (65) | 8791 (55)** |
| Comorbiditiesa | ||||
| RxRisk | 2557 ± 1676) | 2416 ± 1443* | 2508 ± 1600 | 2719 ± 2490** |
| Arthritis | 1364 (15) | 961 (20)* | 2325 (17) | 2516 (16)** |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | 1087 (12) | 593 (12) | 1680 (12) | 2195 (14)** |
| Heart registry | 1681 (19) | 917 (19) | 2598 (19) | 3295 (21)** |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | 412 (5) | 145 (3)* | 557 (4) | 1245 (8)** |
| Hypertension (HTN) | 2233 (25) | 1129 (24) | 3362 (24) | 4508 (28)** |
| Diabetes | 1427 (16) | 620 (13)* | 2047 (15) | 2536 (16)** |
| Preventive services indexb | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.8* | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 1.7** |
| Distance to fitness facility (km)c | 4.0 ± 3.5 | 4.4 ± 6.0* | 4.1 ± 4.5 | 4.1 ± 4.0 |
Values are means ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise stated
RxRisk is expressed as predicted 6-month costs. Higher costs represent higher comorbidity; co-morbid conditions (arthritis, CAD, CHF, HTN, and diabetes) were derived from problem lists for outpatient visits.
Preventive services index is the total number of preventive services that an individual used in the 2 years preceding the index date (colon cancer screening [fecal occult blood test or flexible sigmoidoscopy]; a screening mammogram; prostate cancer screening; an influenza vaccine; or a pneumococcal vaccine [range 0–8]).
Distance to fitness facility for controls was calculated from control’s home address to the nearest possible fitness facility.
p<0.001, controls vs Silver Sneakers participants;
p<0.05 included members versus excluded members; long-term care costs at baseline; <2years of continuous enrollment in health plan or unmatched controls or participants