Contributions were estimated by LTRE using pairwise comparisons (see Methods). Error bars show 95% CI generated from 5000 bootstrap samples of the demographic rates. Labels on top refer to reference habitats and labels on bottom to treatment habitat. FY: farmyard, HP: horse pasture, CP: cattle pasture, SC: spring-sown crops, AC: autumn-sown crops, OG: other ungrazed grassland. BS(Y): breeding success of young (i.e. one year old) males, BS(O): breeding success of old males, fled(Y): number of fledglings produced by young males, fled(O): number of fledglings produced by old males, surv(juv): first-year survival, surv(ad): adult male survival.