Table 1. Habitat- and age-specific parameter estimates (demographic rates) and environmental variances used to model population growth.

	FY	HP	CP	SC	AC	OG
demographic rates 1
breeding success Y	0.783	0.639	0.673	0.681	0.482	0.538
	(60)	(36)	(128)	(63)	(27)	(26)
breeding success O	0.860	0.741	0.755	0.742	0.838	0.613
	(107)	(83)	(289)	(80)	(31)	(49)
no. of fledglings2 Y	4.89	4.42	5.18	4.44	3.69	5.19
	(26)	(15)	(62)	(30)	(10)	(9)
no. of fledglings2 O	5.82	5.29	5.30	4.62	4.79	5.15
	(44)	(42)	(188)	(41)	(18)	(25)
first-year survival	0.256	0.316	0.279	0.296	0.168	0.212
	(187)	(164)	(1116)	(160)	(97)	(156)
adult survival	0.477	0.620	0.510	0.337	0.412	0.568
	(74)	(60)	(248)	(48)	(27)	(39)
env. variances 3
breeding success Y	0.0052	0.0070	0.0067	0.0066	0.0076	0.0075
breeding success O	0.0053	0.0085	0.0082	0.0084	0.0060	0.0105
no. of fledglings Y	0.0369	0.0301	0.0415	0.0305	0.0211	0.0417
no. of fledglings O	0.0038	0.0031	0.0032	0.0024	0.0026	0.0030
first-year survival	0.0022	0.0025	0.0023	0.0024	0.0016	0.0019
adult survival	0.0005	0.0004	0.0005	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005

Parameter estimates are based on the age class of the male member of a pair, Y: young (i.e. one year old) males, O: old males. FY: farmyard, CP: cattle pasture, HP: horse pasture, SC: spring crops, AC: autumn crops, OG: other grassland. Numbers in parentheses refer to sample sizes.

¹Uniform demographic rates, i.e. estimated across all habitat types, were probability of breeding for young (0.645) and old males (0.995; see Methods for details).

²The number of fledglings shown here refers to the total number produced by a pair.

³Estimated environmental variance component (estimation method differs between demographic rates; see Methods for details). Data were insufficient to calculate environmental variance for probability of breeding.