TABLE 3.
Geometric mean ACR according to 4 dietary patterns derived by principal components analysis in 5042 men and women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)1
| Geometric mean ACR (95% CI) |
P for trend2 | β ± SE per 1-SD difference in dietary pattern score3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| mg/g | |||||||
| Fats and processed meats | |||||||
| Model 14 | 6.66 (6.27, 7.07) | 6.71 (6.35, 7.10) | 6.93 (6.57, 7.31) | 7.05 (6.68, 7.44) | 7.05 (6.59, 7.55) | 0.19 | 0.025 ± 0.02 |
| Model 25 | 6.69 (6.31, 7.10) | 6.79 (6.43, 7.17) | 6.91 (6.57, 7.28) | 7.03 (6.68, 7.41) | 6.97 (6.53, 7.45) | 0.31 | 0.019 ± 0.02 |
| Vegetables and fish | |||||||
| Model 14 | 6.75 (6.38, 7.14) | 7.00 (6.63, 7.39) | 6.86 (6.50, 7.23) | 6.87 (6.52, 7.25) | 6.92 (6.50, 7.36) | 0.68 | 0.006 ± 0.02 |
| Model 25 | 6.79 (6.43, 7.17) | 6.95 (6.60, 7.33) | 6.80 (6.46, 7.16) | 6.86 (6.52, 7.22) | 6.99 (6.58, 7.42) | 0.58 | 0.008 ± 0.02 |
| Beans, tomatoes, and refined grains | |||||||
| Model 14 | 6.27 (5.93, 6.63) | 6.94 (6.57, 7.33) | 6.83 (6.48, 7.20) | 7.30 (6.93, 7.70) | 7.09 (6.65, 7.55) | 0.04 | 0.034 ± 0.02 |
| Model 25 | 6.41 (6.07, 6.76) | 7.00 (6.64, 7.38) | 6.78 (6.45, 7.14) | 7.27 (6.91, 7.65) | 6.96 (6.55, 7.41) | 0.12 | 0.025 ± 0.02 |
| Whole grains and fruit | |||||||
| Model 14 | 7.75 (7.31, 8.21) | 7.02 (6.66, 7.41) | 6.63 (6.29, 6.99) | 6.63 (6.29, 6.99) | 6.44 (6.08, 6.82) | 0.004 | −0.042 ± 0.01 |
| Model 25 | 7.72 (7.30, 8.17) | 6.98 (6.63, 7.35) | 6.63 (6.30, 6.98) | 6.57 (6.24, 6.92) | 6.56 (6.21, 6.94) | 0.01 | −0.036 ± 0.01 |
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent.
P for trend across quintiles calculated with the original dietary pattern score modeled as a continuous variable.
β regression coefficient ± SE per 1-SD difference in dietary pattern score. The regression coefficients translate approximately into expected percentage difference, eg, a coefficient of −0.05 translates approximately into a difference of 5% in urinary ACR on its natural scale per 1-SD difference of the dietary pattern score. By design, dietary patterns derived by principal components analysis have a mean = 0 and SD = 1.00.
Adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), study center (Baltimore County, MD; Forsyth County, NC; Los Angeles County, CA; New York, NY; St Paul, MN), age (y), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (white, black, Chinese, Hispanic), education (<, =, > high school degree), active leisure-time physical activity (MET-h/wk), inactive leisure-time physical activity (MET-h/wk), current smoking status (yes, no), smoking duration (pack years), and current supplement use (≥weekly: yes, no).
Adjusted for the above, plus waist circumference (cm), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), and current hypertension medication use.