TABLE 5.
Geometric mean ACR according to food group intake in 5042 men and women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)1
| Geometric mean ACR (95% CI) |
P for trend2 | β ± SE per 1-serving/d difference in intake3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
| Red meat | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.77 (6.43, 7.12) | 6.88 (6.56, 7.21) | 6.81 (6.49, 7.14) | 7.07 (6.70, 7.45) | 0.28 | 0.045 ± 0.04 |
| Model 25 | 6.82 (6.49, 7.16) | 6.95 (6.64, 7.27) | 6.85 (6.55, 7.17) | 6.90 (6.56, 7.26) | 0.59 | 0.020 ± 0.04 |
| Processed meat | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.68 (6.36, 7.03) | 6.75 (6.44, 7.07) | 7.00 (6.67, 7.34) | 7.10 (6.74, 7.47) | 0.28 | 0.056 ± 0.05 |
| Model 25 | 6.72 (6.40, 7.05) | 6.76 (6.47, 7.07) | 6.97 (6.66, 7.30) | 7.08 (6.73, 7.44) | 0.37 | 0.045 ± 0.05 |
| Poultry | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.93 (6.60, 7.27) | 6.83 (6.51, 7.16) | 6.74 (6.43, 7.07) | 7.02 (6.68, 7.38) | 0.29 | 0.044 ± 0.04 |
| Model 25 | 7.02 (6.69, 7.35) | 6.83 (6.52, 7.15) | 6.73 (6.43, 7.04) | 6.95 (6.62, 7.30) | 0.61 | 0.020 ± 0.04 |
| Fish | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.95 (6.62, 7.30) | 6.80 (6.49, 7.13) | 6.63 (6.33, 6.95) | 7.14 (6.79, 7.50) | 0.10 | 0.065 ± 0.04 |
| Model 25 | 6.96 (6.63, 7.30) | 6.84 (6.53, 7.16) | 6.62 (6.33, 6.93) | 7.11 (6.78, 7.46) | 0.10 | 0.062 ± 0.04 |
| High-fat dairy | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.62 (6.28, 6.97) | 6.80 (6.48, 7.13) | 6.95 (6.63, 7.29) | 7.15 (6.79, 7.54) | 0.13 | 0.023 ± 0.02 |
| Model 25 | 6.54 (6.22, 6.87) | 6.78 (6.47, 7.09) | 7.00 (6.69, 7.33) | 7.22 (6.86, 7.59) | 0.23 | 0.019 ± 0.02 |
| Low-fat dairy | ||||||
| Model 14 | 7.25 (6.91, 7.61) | 6.98 (6.65, 7.32) | 6.89 (6.58, 7.21) | 6.42 (6.12, 6.75) | 0.03 | −0.023 ± 0.01 |
| Model 25 | 7.23 (6.90, 7.58) | 6.94 (6.62, 7.27) | 6.89 (6.59, 7.21) | 6.48 (6.18, 6.79) | 0.04 | −0.022 ± 0.01 |
| Whole fruit | ||||||
| Model 14 | 7.20 (6.86, 7.56) | 6.85 (6.53, 7.18) | 6.74 (6.43, 7.06) | 6.75 (6.43, 7.08) | 0.04 | −0.017 ± 0.01 |
| Model 25 | 7.17 (6.85, 7.52) | 6.87 (6.57, 7.19) | 6.74 (6.44, 7.05) | 6.75 (6.44, 7.07) | 0.04 | −0.017 ± 0.01 |
| Fruit juice | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.88 (6.58, 7.20) | 6.74 (6.41, 7.08) | 6.92 (6.61, 7.25) | 6.97 (6.63, 7.32) | 0.29 | 0.027 ± 0.03 |
| Model 25 | 6.99 (6.69, 7.30) | 6.71 (6.39, 7.04) | 6.90 (6.60, 7.21) | 6.91 (6.59, 7.24) | 0.58 | 0.013 ± 0.02 |
| Vegetables | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.97 (6.63, 7.33) | 7.08 (6.75, 7.42) | 6.54 (6.24, 6.85) | 6.94 (6.60, 7.30) | 0.40 | −0.009 ± 0.01 |
| Model 25 | 7.00 (6.67, 7.35) | 6.88 (6.57, 7.20) | 6.67 (6.38, 6.98) | 6.97 (6.64, 7.33) | 0.95 | −0.001 ± 0.01 |
| Beans | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.56 (6.24, 6.89) | 7.02 (6.69, 7.37) | 6.99 (6.66, 7.32) | 6.97 (6.61, 7.34) | 0.17 | 0.051 ± 0.04 |
| Model 25 | 6.63 (6.32, 6.95) | 6.99 (6.67, 7.32) | 6.97 (6.67, 7.30) | 6.94 (6.59, 7.30) | 0.25 | 0.042 ± 0.04 |
| Nuts and seeds | ||||||
| Model 14 | 7.11 (6.77, 7.47) | 6.95 (6.63, 7.29) | 6.86 (6.55, 7.18) | 6.61 (6.30, 6.94) | 0.28 | −0.031 ± 0.03 |
| Model 25 | 7.05 (6.73, 7.40) | 6.92 (6.60, 7.24) | 6.88 (6.58, 7.19) | 6.68 (6.37, 7.00) | 0.62 | −0.014 ± 0.03 |
| Whole grains | ||||||
| Model 14 | 7.34 (6.99, 7.70) | 7.02 (6.69, 7.35) | 6.52 (6.22, 6.84) | 6.67 (6.35, 7.00) | 0.06 | −0.043 ± 0.02 |
| Model 25 | 7.34 (6.99, 7.70) | 7.02 (6.69, 7.35) | 6.52 (6.22, 6.84) | 6.67 (6.35, 7.00) | 0.06 | −0.043 ± 0.02 |
| Refined grains | ||||||
| Model 14 | 6.92 (6.57, 7.30) | 6.78 (6.46, 7.11) | 7.07 (6.75, 7.41) | 6.74 (6.37, 7.14) | 0.08 | 0.027 ± 0.02 |
| Model 25 | 6.97 (6.62, 7.34) | 6.74 (6.43, 7.06) | 7.05 (6.74, 7.38) | 6.76 (6.40, 7.14) | 0.08 | 0.026 ± 0.01 |
ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent.
P for trend across quintiles calculated with food group intake (servings/d) modeled continuously.
β regression coefficient ± SE per 1-serving/d difference in food group intake. The regression coefficients translate approximately into expected percentage difference, eg, a coefficient of −0.05 is approximately a difference of 5% in urinary ACR on its natural scale per 1-serving/d difference in food group intake.
Adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), study center (Baltimore County, MD; Forsyth County, NC; Los Angeles County, CA; New York, NY; St. Paul, MN), age (y), sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (white, black, Chinese, Hispanic), education (<, =, > high school degree), active leisure-time physical activity (MET-h/wk), inactive leisure-time physical activity (MET-h/wk), current smoking status (yes, no), smoking duration (pack years), and current at least weekly supplement use (yes, no).
Adjusted for the above plus waist circumference (cm), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), and current hypertension medication use.