TABLE 3.
Regression coefficients (or odds ratios) for the relation between select cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and a priori Comprehensive and Simplified Healthy Diet Patterns in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis1
| Comprehensive Healthy Dietary Pattern Score2 | Simplified Healthy Dietary Pattern Score3 | Difference between scores3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory markers4 | |||
| CRP (mg/dL) | −0.07 ± 0.025,6 | −0.12 ± 0.026 | −0.02 ± 0.02 |
| IL-6 (mg/dL) | −0.05 ± 0.016 | −0.02 ± 0.01 | −0.03 ± 0.016 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | −0.02 ± 0.0046 | −0.02 ± 0.016 | −0.003 ± 0.01 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | −0.01 ± 0.0036 | −0.004 ± 0.003 | −0.003 ± 0.003 |
| Markers of subclinical atherosclerosis | |||
| Common carotid IMT (mm)4 | −0.008 ± 0.0036 | −0.006 ± 0.003 | −0.004 ± 0.003 |
| Internal carotid IMT (mm)4 | −0.001 ± 0.007 | −0.015 ± 0.007 | −0.009 ± 0.007 |
| Carotid plaque | 0.96 (0.78, 1.16)7 | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95)6 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) |
| CAC (Agatston > 0) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) |
| CAC (Agatston score)8 | −0.03 ± 0.04 | −0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.04 |
| ABI (<0.9) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.16) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.01) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) |
| Markers of vascular integrity | |||
| LAE (mL/mm Hg × 10)4,9 | 0.007 ± 0.005 | 0.004 ± 0.005 | 0.005 ± 0.01 |
| SAE (mL/mm Hg × 100)4,9 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.029 ± 0.0086 | 0.007 ± 0.01 |
| ACR | −0.04 ± 0.016 | −0.05 ± 0.026 | −0.005 ± 0.02 |
| Lipids | |||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.67 ± 0.26 | −0.28 ± 0.24 | 0.90 ± 0.26 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.48 ± 0.5 | −1.1 ± 0.56 | 0.31 ± 0.5 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)4 | −0.02 ± 0.016 | −0.01 ± 0.01 | −0.01 ± 0.01 |
| Other CVD risk factors | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 0.16 ± 0.3 | −0.53 ± 0.3 | 0.54 ± 0.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | −0.09 ± 0.2 | −0.33 ± 0.2 | 0.14 ± 0.2 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | −0.24 ± 0.1 | −0.68 ± 0.26 | 0.24 ± 0.2 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | −0.51 ± 0.076 | 0.26 ± 0.076 | −0.34 ± 0.076 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | −1.3 ± 0.26 | −1.5 ± 0.26 | −0.27 ± 0.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.38 ± 0.086 | 0.57 ± 0.086 | −0.02 ± 0.08 |
CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IMT, intima-media thickness; CAC, coronary artery calsification; ABI, ankle brachial index; LAE, large artery elasticity; SAE, small artery elasticity; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio.
Adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), age (y), race-ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, Chinese), study center, education (<high school, high school, >high school), physical activity (active and inactive leisure in metabolic equivalents per min/wk), smoking (current or not current and pack-years), and supplement use (≥weekly).
Model includes the covariates in footnote 2 and both the difference between scores (Healthy Dietary Pattern score — Simplified Healthy Dietary Pattern score) and the Simplified Healthy Dietary Pattern score.
Data were analyzed on the natural log scale.
β-coefficient ± SE per 1 SD (10.2) for the Comprehensive Healthy Dietary Pattern score and per 1 SD (3.52) for the Simplified Healthy Dietary Pattern score.
P < 0.05.
Odds ratio; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).
Estimated from 2380 participants with an Agatston score >0.
Data for LAE and SAE also adjusted for height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Greater elasticity values are favorable.